Word of wisdom
I created these thinking I would turn them into Anki cards and memorize the whole book word by word. But beware, making Anki cards from these questions is not the right way to go about it. The reviews will become endless, and you will waste months trying to revise them through Anki. The best approach is to go through these once, maybe twice. That’s it. Test yourself a few times and give more and more mocks. Given the skewed nature of Prelims, especially after 2026, it has become very dicey to memorize such facts word by word. Focus on practice through mocks. Optimize for output and marks rather than perfect memorization. But ultimately, do as you please. You’d know better than me, for sure. ref. Disclaimer for more.
1. What was the trade context between Europe and India in the 7th century?
2. How did the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 affect European-Indian trade?
3. What were the primary Indian goods sought by Europeans?
4. Why did Europeans seek a direct sea route to India?
5. What European capabilities facilitated exploration in the 15th century?
6. How did economic conditions in Europe influence the demand for Eastern goods?
7. Why were Venice and Genoa not suitable for major expeditions to India?
8. What specific expertise did Genoese explorers provide to the Portuguese?
9. What were Portugal’s motivations for leading exploration efforts?
10. How did the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 impact global exploration?
11. What territories were assigned to Portugal and Spain by the Treaty of Tordesillas?
12. What significant events related to the sea route to India occurred in 1487 and 1498?
13. How was Vasco da Gama received by the Zamorin of Calicut upon his arrival?
14. What was the reaction of Arab traders to the Portuguese presence in Calicut?
15. What was Pedro Alvarez Cabral’s initial action in Calicut in 1500?
16. What conflict arose during Pedro Alvarez Cabral’s time in Calicut and how did he respond?
17. Which rulers did Pedro Alvarez Cabral make treaties with in India?
18. What was the outcome of Vasco da Gama’s return to India in 1501 regarding the Zamorin?
19. Where did the Portuguese establish and fortify their factories during this period?
20. Who was Francisco de Almeida and when was he appointed governor of India?
21. What was Francisco de Almeida’s mission in India?
22. What were Francisco de Almeida’s strategic targets for expansion?
23. Who opposed Francisco de Almeida in India?
24. What happened in 1507 regarding the Portuguese fleet under Almeida?
25. How did Almeida respond to the 1507 defeat in 1508?
26. What was the “Blue Water Policy” implemented by Francisco de Almeida?
27. What were the key Portuguese strongholds established in the Indian Ocean region?
28. Who is considered the “real founder” of Portuguese power in the East?
29. How did Alfonso de Albuquerque secure strategic control of the Indian Ocean?
30. What permit system did Alfonso de Albuquerque implement for ships?
31. When did the Portuguese acquire Goa and from whom?
32. What was the significance of Goa’s acquisition for the Europeans?
33. What social practice did Alfonso de Albuquerque abolish in Portuguese territories?
34. What was Albuquerque’s policy regarding Muslims?
35. What social policy did Albuquerque encourage among Portuguese men?
36. Who became the Portuguese Governor in India in 1529?
37. What significant administrative change occurred in 1530 under Nino de Cunha?
38. What territories did Bahadur Shah cede to the Portuguese and when?
39. What caused relations between the Portuguese and Mughals to sour in 1536?
40. What significant event happened in 1537 involving the Portuguese and Bahadur Shah?
41. How much coastal area did the Portuguese control within 50 years of Vasco da Gama’s arrival?
42. Where did the Portuguese establish fortresses in South India?
43. What settlements did the Portuguese build on the east coast of India?
44. Did the Portuguese maintain diplomatic relations with Indian kingdoms?
45. Until when did the Portuguese remain in India and what happened in 1961?
46. What was the administrative structure of the Portuguese State in India?
47. What was the role of the Vedor da Fazenda in Portuguese administration?
48. How were fortresses controlled in the Portuguese administration?
49. What was the initial religious policy of the Portuguese in India?
50. How did the Portuguese religious policy change later?
51. Who was Captain William Hawkins and when did he arrive in Surat?
52. What obstacle did Portuguese authorities pose to Hawkins?
53. How was Hawkins received by Jahangir in 1609?
54. What happened to Hawkins’ position at the Mughal court in 1611?
55. What significant naval event occurred in 1612 involving English and Portuguese ships?
56. What actions did the Portuguese take in 1613 against Mughal ships?
57. What was Shah Jahan’s response to the Portuguese actions in 1613?
58. When did the Portuguese establish a trading post near Satgaon in Bengal?
59. What controversial activities were the Portuguese involved in at Hooghly?
60. When did Shah Jahan order the siege of Hooghly and what was the outcome?
61. What happened to Portuguese commercial influence in the 18th century?
62. What were the major factors contributing to the decline of Portuguese power in India?
63. When did the Marathas capture Salsette and Bassein from the Portuguese?
64. How did Portuguese religious conversion policies affect their relations with locals?
65. What other practices created hostility towards the Portuguese?
66. How did the union of Portugal with Spain in 1580-1581 impact Portuguese colonial activities?
68. What motivated Dutch East India Company policy?
69. What were the two main goals of the Dutch in their East policy?
71. When and where was the first Dutch factory established in India?
72. Where did the Dutch establish another factory in 1609?
73. Name some other key Dutch factories established across India and their establishment years.
74. What were the main commodities traded by the Dutch in India?
75. How did commercial competition evolve between the English and Dutch?
76. What was the Amboyna Massacre and when did it occur?
77. What compromise was reached between the British and Dutch in 1667?
78. What goods did the Dutch monopolize after the 1667 compromise?
79. What was the outcome of the Battle of Hooghly in 1759 for the Dutch?
80. How did the Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672-74) impact the Dutch position in India?
81. What was the primary interest of the Dutch in India?
82. Where did the main commercial focus of the Dutch remain?
83. When did Elizabeth I charter the East India Company and with what monopoly?
85. When did the English begin trading at Masulipatnam and establish a factory there?
86. What significant naval victory did Captain Thomas Best achieve in 1612?
87. When and where was permission granted for the English to establish factories?
88. What special trading rights were granted to the English by the Sultan of Golconda in 1632?
89. Where did the English establish factories in eastern India in 1633?
90. When did Francis Day receive permission to build a fortified factory at Madras?
91. What permission did Shah Shuja grant to the English for trade in Bengal in 1651?
92. Where did the English establish factories in Bengal?
93. To whom did William Hedges appeal over customs disputes in 1682?
94. What happened to Hooghly in 1686 due to hostilities with the Mughals?
95. Who negotiated the English return to Sutanuti in 1690?
96. What imperial farman was issued in 1691 regarding trade?
97. When did the English purchase zamindari rights to Sutanuti, Gobindapur, and Kalikata?
98. When was Fort William established and what was its significance?
99. What event in 1662 led to Bombay being transferred to the Company?
100. When and where were the Western Presidency headquarters moved?
101. What significant merger occurred in 1708 concerning rival companies?
102. What valuable privileges were granted by Farrukhsiyar’s farmans in 1715?
103. What was included in the Company’s Magna Carta?
104. What was the historical significance of the East India Company from 1708 to 1873?
105. What distinguished the French arrival in Indian trade compared to other European powers?
106. When and where did François Caron establish the first French factory?
107. When and where did Mercara found a factory with the Sultan of Golconda’s patent?
108. When did the French obtain permission for Chandernagore township?
109. When was Pondicherry founded and what was its significance for the French?
110. Name some additional factories established by the French.
111. How did the Dutch-French war impact the French position?
112. When did the Dutch capture Pondicherry?
113. What treaty restored Pondicherry to the French and when?
114. How did the War of Spanish Succession affect French factories in India?
115. How was the French East India Company reorganized in 1720?
116. What role did Governors Lenoir and Dumas play in enhancing the French position?
117. What was the background to the Anglo-French struggle in the Carnatic Wars?
118. When did the Second Carnatic War take place?
119. How did Dupleix exploit local succession disputes during the Second Carnatic War?
120. Whom did the English back in the Second Carnatic War?
121. What was the outcome of the Battle of Ambur in 1749?
122. What significant event in 1751 diverted Chanda Sahib’s attention?
123. What happened to Chanda Sahib after the surrender in 1752?
124. What were the consequences of Dupleix’s recall in 1754?
125. What did the Second Carnatic War demonstrate about Indian authority?
126. When did the Third Carnatic War take place?
127. What was the global context of the Third Carnatic War?
128. What were the initial French actions in India during the Third Carnatic War?
129. How did the English respond to the French offensive?
130. What was the decisive battle of the Third Carnatic War and its outcome?
131. What happened to Pondicherry after the Third Carnatic War?
132. What treaty ended the French political influence in India?
133. What was the final outcome for English power in India after the Carnatic Wars?
134. What were Dupleix’s administrative achievements in India?
135. What diplomatic innovations did Dupleix introduce?
136. What led to Dupleix’s downfall?
137. What was the key difference in company structure between the English and French?
138. How did decision-making differ between the English and French companies?
139. How did naval power compare between the English and French?
140. What were the primary territorial holdings of the English and French?
141. How did commercial focus differ between the English and French companies?
142. How did military leadership compare between the English and French?
143. How did both English and French companies engage with native relations?
144. What marked the beginning of the Mughal decline?
145. How did Aurangzeb’s policies affect state stability?
146. What accelerated the decline of the Mughal Empire after Aurangzeb?
147. What was Bahadur Shah I’s policy towards Marathas, Rajputs, and Jats?
148. What financial reform did Jahandar Shah introduce?
149. What religious policy did Farrukhsiyar implement and what was his fate?
150. What characterized Rafi-ud-Daula’s reign?
151. What was Muhammad Shah known for and what significant defeat did he face?
152. How was Ahmad Shah Bahadur’s reign characterized?
153. What significant battle occurred during Alamgir II’s reign and what was his fate?
154. How did Shah Jahan III come to be deposed?
155. What major battles did Shah Alam II face?
156. What significant farman did Shah Alam II issue to the British?
157. What title did Akbar Shah II give to Rammohan Roy?
158. What change did the East India Company make regarding its designation under Akbar Shah II?
159. Who was the last Mughal emperor and what major event did he lead?
160. What allowed northwestern invasions into India?
161. When did Nadir Shah (Persian) invade India and what was the outcome?
162. How many times did Ahmad Shah Abdali (Afghan) invade India?
163. What was the outcome of the Third Battle of Panipat (1761)?
164. What was the significance of Panipat for the Mughal Empire?
165. What was the primary role of Zamindars in the Mughal Empire?
166. What additional responsibilities did Zamindars have?
167. How did the power of zamindars change during Aurangzeb’s reign?
168. How did local zamindars contribute to the decline of the empire?
169. Who comprised the nobility in the Mughal Empire during the Jagirdari Crisis?
170. What caused divisiveness among the nobility?
171. How did mutual rivalry among the nobility affect the empire?
172. What marked the rise of regional aspirations during Aurangzeb’s reign?
173. How did these continuous struggles impact the Mughal Empire?
174. What was the outcome of Aurangzeb and Bahadur Shah I’s attempts to suppress the Rajputs?
175. How did Maratha expansion contribute to the decline of the Mughal Empire?
176. By what year did the Marathas control Gujarat, Malwa, and Bundelkhand?
177. What were Satish Chandra’s perspectives on the decline of the Mughal Empire?
178. What were Irfan Habib’s perspectives on the decline of the Mughal Empire?
179. What was William Irvine’s view on the decline of the Mughal Empire?
180. How did Sidney Owen explain the decline of the Mughal Empire?
181. What was J.N. Sarkar’s perspective on the decline of the Mughal Empire?
182. What three categories of states emerged after the decline of the Mughal Empire?
183. Describe the nature of “Successor States” after the Mughal decline.
184. Provide examples of “Successor States.”
185. Describe the nature of “Independent Kingdoms” after the Mughal decline.
186. Provide examples of “Independent Kingdoms.”
187. Describe the nature of “New States” after the Mughal decline.
188. Provide examples of “New States.”
key ruler of the Sikhs and their notable achievements?
190. Who founded Hyderabad and what were his key achievements?
191. Who founded Bengal as a prosperous state in the Early 18th century?
192. Who established the state of Awadh and who succeeded him?
key ruler of Rohilkhand and their notable achievements?
194. Who were the key rulers of the Marathas and what was their most formidable achievement?
key ruler of Mysore and what was their notable achievement?
key ruler of the Jats and their notable achievements?
197. Who were the key rulers of the Rajputs and their notable achievements?
key ruler of Kerala and their notable achievements?
199. What was the political characteristic of provincial systems in regional states?
200. How did regional states function politically?
201. What were the limitations and challenges faced by regional states in terms of development?
202. What was the nature of warfare among regional states?
203. How did the Jagirdari crisis impact agricultural income?
204. What impact did the rise of multiple power contenders have?
205. How did foreign trade perform while the rest of the economy stagnated?
206. What was the economic contrast observed in 18th-century India?
207. What characterized India’s trade balance in the 18th century?
208. What were the major exports from India in the 18th century?
209. What were the main imports from the Persian Gulf and Arabia?
210. What were the main imports from China and Tibet?
211. What were the main imports from Africa and Europe?
212. How was agriculture sustained despite technical backwardness?
213. How were peasants exploited in the agricultural system?
214. What was the state of shipbuilding in 18th-century India?
215. What were the leading regions for shipbuilding?
216. What was the status of handicraft production?
217. How did traditional Indian education compare to Western systems?
218. What was the nature of elementary education in India?
219. Where were higher education centers for Sanskrit located?
220. What was Azimabad (Patna) known for in education?
221. What was the status of women in patriarchal society during this period?
222. What oppressive practices were prevalent regarding women?
223. What was the condition of widows and what attempts were made for their reform?
224. What drove people to sell their offspring into slavery?
225. How were Indian slaves generally treated compared to European counterparts?
226. How did the arrival of Europeans impact the slave trade?
227. Where did talented artists seek patronage during this period?
228. Name some notable constructions from this period.
229. What astronomical timetables did Jai Singh create?
230. Which painting schools gained prominence during this era?
231. What contributed to the growth of Urdu literature?
232. Which languages flourished and were enriched during this period?
233. Name some major literary works from this time.
234. How is British Imperial History divided into two phases?
235. What are the two opposing schools of thought regarding the British conquest of India?
236. What were the motivating factors for the British to establish an empire?
237. When did British motives become consciously imperialistic?
238. What are some proposed starting points for the British Period in India?
239. How long did the political transformation of India take?
240. What superior military technology did the British possess?
241. What distinguished the British military system?
242. What were the characteristics of British civil discipline and selection system?
243. Name some brilliant British leaders during this period.
244. What provided strong financial backing for the Company?
245. How did the Indian political landscape contrast with British nationalist pride?
246. What was the economic significance of Bengal for the Mughals?
247. What were Bengal’s main exports?
248. Where did the English East India Company establish factories in Bengal?
249. Who was Murshid Quli Khan and what was his position in Bengal from 1699 to 1727?
250. Who ruled Bengal from 1727 to 1756 and what were his key actions?
251. What happened after Alivardi Khan’s death in April 1756?
252. What challenges did Siraj-ud-Daulah face as a young ruler?
253. What immediate cause led to the Battle of Plassey?
254. What alliance was formed before the Battle of Plassey?
255. When was the Battle of Plassey fought and what was its outcome?
256. What was the immediate outcome of the Battle of Plassey for Mir Jafar?
257. What was the significance of the Battle of Plassey?
258. How did the Battle of Plassey shift power dynamics?
259. What was Mir Kasim’s first initiative after becoming Nawab?
260. What reforms did Mir Kasim undertake in administration and the army?
261. What led to the tensions between Mir Kasim and the Company before the Battle of Buxar?
262. Where did Mir Kasim flee and with whom did he ally after the tensions?
264. What was the significance of the Battle of Buxar?
265. Who concluded the treaties of Allahabad in 1765?
266. What did Nawab Shuja-ud-Daulah agree to under the Treaty of Allahabad?
267. What did Shah Alam II agree to under the Treaty of Allahabad?
268. Why did Clive avoid annexing Awadh?
269. What was the legal significance of the Emperor’s farman?
270. What happened to Mir Kasim after these events?
Mysore Dynasty emerge after the fall of Vijayanagara?
272. When was the Hindu Wodevar kingdom established in Mysore?
273. How did Mysore become formidable in the late 18th century?
274. What threatened English control of Madras regarding Mysore?
275. What threat did Mysore pose to the English?
276. What was Haidar Ali’s background before rising to power?
277. How did Haidar Ali modernize his army?
278. What territories did Haidar Ali capture between 1761 and 1763?
279. What setback did Haidar Ali face from the Marathas, and when did he recover?
280. What was the outcome of the Third Anglo-Mysore War in 1792?
281. What was the background to the First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69)?
282. How did the initial alliance against Haidar Ali collapse?
283. What strategic move by Haidar Ali created panic among the British?
284. What was the outcome of the Treaty of Madras (April 1769)?
285. What was the gap between the First and Second Anglo-Mysore Wars?
286. What British violation of the Treaty of Madras contributed to the Second Anglo-Mysore War?
287. Who did Haidar Ali find more reliable as allies?
288. How did the American Revolution affect British concerns about French-Indian alliances?
289. What specific British action triggered Haidar’s response in the Second Anglo-Mysore War?
290. What coalition did Haidar form in 1781 and what was its initial success?
291. How did the English respond to Haidar’s success in 1781?
292. What happened in December 1782 regarding Haidar Ali?
293. What was the outcome of the war after Haidar’s death?
294. What was the outcome of the Third Anglo-Mysore War regarding territorial status?
295. When did the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War take place?
296. What was the gap between the Third and Fourth Anglo-Mysore Wars?
297. How did the Marathas gain power as the Mughal Empire declined?
298. What was the Marathas’ aspiration by the mid-18th century?
299. What was the outcome of the Third Battle of Panipat (1761) for the Marathas?
300. Who was considered the “Greatest of all Peshwas”?
301. What did Bajirao I create regarding the Maratha chiefs?
302. How was the Maratha confederacy structured?
303. Name some prominent Maratha families.
304. What event weakened Peshwa control over the confederacy in 1772?
305. How did the chiefs respond to the British during the First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82)?
306. How many clashes occurred between the Marathas and English in the late 18th-early 19th century?
307. What were the reasons for English victory in these clashes?
308. How did the English presence in Bombay affect their stance?
309. What provided an opportunity for English intervention in Maratha politics?
310. What succession event occurred in 1772 in the Maratha empire?
311. What happened to Narayanrao?
312. What was the role of the Barbhai council after Narayanrao’s death?
313. What did Raghunathrao seek and sign in 1775?
314. What territories and promises were part of the Treaty of Surat?
315. How did the British Calcutta Council react to the Treaty of Surat?
316. What was the outcome of the Treaty of Purandhar in 1776?
317. What action by Nana Phadnavis violated the Calcutta Council agreement?
318. How did the English retaliate against Nana Phadnavis’s action?
319. What disadvantage did the Marathas face despite outnumbering the English?
320. What tactic did Mahadji Scindia use against the English?
321. What other tactics did the Marathas employ to cut English supplies?
322. When did the English surrender and sign the Treaty of Wadgaon?
323. What was the effect of the Treaty of Wadgaon on English territorial gains?
324. When was the Treaty of Salbai signed?
325. Who defeated Scindia at Sipri in February 1781?
326. What were the key provisions of the Treaty of Salbai?
327. What created a power vacuum in the Maratha empire in 1800?
328. What event in 1801 directly led to the Second Anglo-Maratha War?
329. What happened in 1802 involving Jaswantrao Holkar and Bajirao II?
330. What treaty did Bajirao II sign after fleeing to Bassein?
331. What were the terms of the Treaty of Bassein (1802) regarding British troops and territories?
332. What claims and employment restrictions were part of the Treaty of Bassein?
333. How did the Treaty of Bassein affect the Peshwa’s relations with other states?
334. Who attempted to save Maratha independence after the Treaty of Bassein?
335. What was the outcome of their resistance against Wellesley?
336. What treaties were signed in 1803 by Bhonsle and Scindia?
337. What treaty was signed with Holkar in 1806?
338. What was the impact of these treaties on British control over Maratha territory?
339. What event in 1813 altered the Company’s China trade monopoly?
340. Who were the Pindari mercenaries and what did they start doing?
341. How did the Marathas view British actions against the Pindaris?
342. What action did Bajirao II take in 1817 regarding Maratha chiefs?
343. Which Maratha leaders attacked British positions during the Third Anglo-Maratha War?
344. What factor weakened the Marathas during the war?
345. How did the British prevent the Peshwa from uniting the confederacy?
346. What was the outcome of the battles for Peshwa, Bhonsle, and Holkar?
347. What treaties were signed following the Third Anglo-Maratha War?
348. What was the ultimate fate of the Peshwaship after 1818?
349. What was the nature of Maratha state leadership?
350. What was the fundamental weakness in the nature of the Maratha state?
351. How was the Maratha political set-up described?
352. How did the Maratha military system compare to the British?
353. What characterized Maratha economic policy?
354. How did English diplomacy contribute to the Maratha defeat?
355. What was the English outlook that contrasted with the Marathas’?
356. How did the English capitalize on the Marathas’ internal weaknesses?
357. What was the British interest in Sindh in the early 19th century?
358. What privileges did the Mughal farman provide to the English in Sindh?
359. Who ruled Sindh in the 18th century?
360. When and where was an English factory established in Sindh, and what was its fate?
361. Who were the Talpuras and how did they gain control in Sindh?
362. What happened in 1799 regarding the Durrani monarch and Talpuras’ claims?
363. What happened to the kingdom among the brothers after Mir Fath’s death in 1800?
364. What territories did the Amirs conquer?
365. What belief emerged in the late 18th century that prompted British actions in Sindh?
366. How did Lord Wellesley respond to this perceived threat?
367. What happened to negotiations with Fath Ali Khan in 1800?
368. What was the British agent ordered to do in Sindh within ten days?
369. How did the British Company react to this insult?
370. What external threat prompted the Treaty of Eternal Friendship in 1809?
371. What diplomatic actions did the British take in response to the threat?
372. What was agreed upon in the Treaty of Eternal Friendship by the Amirs?
373. What were the key terms of the Treaty of Eternal Friendship regarding the French?
374. What was the status of the Treaty of 1820?
375. Who did Bentinck send to secure the Sindh-Amirs treaty?
376. What rights did the English gain through the Sindh-Indus trade passage?
377. What restrictions were placed on the English regarding Sindh?
378. What rights did the Amirs retain under the treaty?
379. What joint action did the Amirs take with Jodhpur?
380. How did previous treaties fare under these new agreements?
381. What was Lord Auckland’s view of Sindh in 1836?
382. What did Ranjit Singh capture and what new treaty was signed in 1836?
383. What was the arrangement for Company troops stationed in Sindh in 1836?
384. What was agreed upon in the 1838 treaty signed by the Amirs?
385. What was the new status of Sindh after the 1838 treaty?
386. What was the purpose of the Tripartite Treaty of 1838?
387. What did Emperor Shah Shuja surrender under the Tripartite Treaty?
388. How did the Amirs accept the Subsidiary Alliance in 1839?
389. What ban was overturned regarding English troop movement?
390. What annual payment was required from the Amirs for British forces?
391. What facilities and tolls were required from the Amirs?
392. What restrictions were placed on the Amirs’ foreign diplomacy and military support?
393. How do historians generally view the British conquest of Sindh?
394. What did the English annex Sindh for?
395. How did the Sikhs divide after Guru Gobind Singh’s death?
396. When did the rift among the Sikhs end and under whose influence?
397. When did Kapur Singh Faizullapuria organize Sikhs under Dal Khalsa?
398. How was the Dal Khalsa divided?
399. What were the Misls and when did they emerge?
400. What areas were under Sikh rule?
401. When was Ranjit Singh born and what policy did he inherit?
402. When was Ranjit Singh appointed Lahore governor?
403. What territories did Ranjit Singh acquire by 1805?
404. What was the purpose of the Metcalfe mission to Lahore in 1807?
405. What did Ranjit Singh seek during the Metcalfe mission?
406. Why did negotiations fail during the Metcalfe mission?
407. When was the Treaty of Amritsar signed and why?
408. What was the significance of the Treaty of Amritsar regarding Ranjit Singh’s ambition?
409. What river was established as the boundary for Ranjit Singh’s dominions?
410. Where did Ranjit Singh redirect his energies after the Treaty of Amritsar?
411. What compelled Ranjit Singh to sign the Tripartite Treaty with the English in 1838?
412. What passage rights were granted to the British army under the Tripartite Treaty?
413. What did Ranjit Singh’s relations with the Company reveal?
414. What did Ranjit Singh fail to do regarding Indian princes?
415. When did Ranjit Singh die, and what marked the beginning of his empire’s decline?
416. What happened to Kharak Singh’s reign after Ranjit Singh’s death in 1839?
417. What caused anarchy in the Sikh court after Ranjit Singh’s death?
418. How did British troop movement through Punjab affect its economy?
419. What was the succession crisis in 1843?
420. What characterized the turnover of ministers between 1844-1845?
421. Who became wazir and army commander?
422. What caused the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46)?
423. When did the First Anglo-Sikh War begin?
424. What was the numerical strength of the British and Sikh forces?
425. What factor led to the five Sikh defeats in the war?
426. What happened to Lahore in 1846?
427. What was the war indemnity imposed on the Sikhs?
428. What territory was annexed by the British under the Treaty of Lahore?
429. What administrative arrangement was made for the British Resident at Lahore?
430. How was the Sikh army affected by the treaty?
431. Who was recognized as ruler and regent under the Treaty of Lahore?
432. What happened to Kashmir regarding its sale?
433. What triggered the signing of the Treaty of Bhairowal in December 1846?
434. What happened to Rani Jindan under the Treaty of Bhairowal?
435. What governing body was established for Punjab under the Treaty of Bhairowal?
436. Who presided over the Council of Regency?
437. What were the causes of the Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49)?
438. What happened to Mulraj (Multan governor) that sparked the revolt?
439. What was the pretext used by Lord Dalhousie to annex Punjab?
440. What were the three key battles during the course of the Second Anglo-Sikh War?
441. What was the outcome for the Sikh army and Sher Singh in 1849?
442. What administrative change occurred in Punjab after its annexation?
443. What happened to the governing board in 1853?
444. What were the two methods of British Paramountcy Expansion (1757-1857)?
445. What were the three key policies of British expansion?
446. Who was the architect of the Subsidiary Alliance system?
447. What did allied states accept under the Subsidiary Alliance?
448. What restrictions were placed on allied states’ foreign relations?
449. What were the four stages of implementation of the Subsidiary Alliance?
450. Name the major states that accepted the Subsidiary Alliance.
451. What were the consequences for rulers who accepted the Subsidiary Alliance?
452. What was the Doctrine of Lapse?
453. When did British occupation of Assam lead to closer contact with Bhutan?
454. What caused tensions between Bhutan and the British?
455. What was the outcome of the bad treatment of Elgin’s envoy in 1863-64?
456. What did Bhutanese forces have to do in 1865?
457. What became of the surrendered districts?
458. When did the Gorkhas gain control from Ranjit Malla of Bhatgaon?
459. What happened in 1801 regarding Gorakhpur?
460. When did conflict begin with the Gorkhas?
461. What was the outcome of the Treaty of Sagauli (1816)?
462. What territories did Nepal cede under the Treaty of Sagauli?
463. What was Nepal’s action regarding Sikkim under the treaty?
464. What gains did the British achieve from the Anglo-Nepalese relations?
465. What was Burma’s westward expansion conflict in the early 19th century?
466. What motivated British involvement in Anglo-Burmese relations?
467. What was the outcome of the three Anglo-Burmese Wars?
468. What triggered the First Burma War (1824-26)?
469. What British action occurred in 1824?
470. What were the requirements of the Treaty of Yandabo (1826)?
471. What was the primary driver of the Second Burma War (1852)?
472. What territory did the British occupy during the Second Burma War?
473. How did the British deal with resistance during the Second Burma War?
474. What led to the Third Burma War (1885)?
475. Who led the invasion of Burma in 1885 and what was the outcome?
476. How did the Burmese nationalist movement evolve after Post-WWI?
477. When was Burma separated from India?
478. When did Burma gain independence and under whom?
479. What was the political situation in Tibet in the early 20th century?
480. What action did Curzon take due to alarm over Russian influence in Tibet?
481. What were the financial terms of the Treaty of Lhasa (1904)?
482. What territorial occupation was stipulated by the Treaty of Lhasa?
483. What was Tibet required to respect under the Treaty of Lhasa?
484. What trade agreements were part of the Treaty of Lhasa?
485. What restrictions were placed on Tibet regarding foreign states?
486. What did Britain gain control over regarding Tibet’s foreign affairs?
487. What did the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 require for Tibet negotiations?
488. What was the British policy in the First Anglo-Afghan War despite changed circumstances?
489. When did the British army successfully enter Kabul?
490. What happened in 1840 regarding Dost Mohammed and Afghan tribes?
491. What was the outcome for Shah Shuja regarding his acceptance by Afghans?
492. What triggered the Afghan rebellion?
493. What was stipulated in the 1841 treaty signed with Afghan chiefs?
494. What happened in 1842 after the British plan failed?
495. Who implemented the policy of Masterly Inactivity?
496. What was the core principle of Masterly Inactivity?
497. What were the conditions for the Masterly Inactivity policy?
498. Who implemented the Proud Reserve Policy?
499. What were the aims of the Proud Reserve Policy?
500. What happened when Sher Ali accepted a Russian envoy but not a British one?
501. How did the conquest of Sindh and Punjab impact British control?
502. Which tribes did the British encounter on their borders?
503. What happened in Hunza and Nagar in 1891-92?
504. What was established in 1893 and what was its impact on Amir’s subsidy?
505. Did tribal uprisings continue despite agreements?
506. What change did Curzon implement regarding troops between 1899-1905?
507. What administrative change occurred with NWFP?
508. When did NWFP become a governor’s province?
509. When was NWFP transferred to Pakistan?
510. What groups participated in people’s resistance against British rule before 1857?
511. What urban protests occurred between 1810 and 1816?
512. What were the four main forms of resistance?
513. What were the main causes and genesis of these uprisings?
514. What economic factors contributed to the uprisings?
515. How did rural exploitation contribute to the uprisings?
516. What was the impact of worker migration on land pressure?
517. Who typically provided leadership for civil uprisings?
518. What was the support base for these uprisings?
519. What motivated the participants in these uprisings?
520. What was the nature of these uprisings?
521. Who were Poligars and what was their initial role?
522. How did Poligars retain power later?
523. What were the functions of Poligars?
525. What was the implication of signing an Ikrarnama?
526. Who were the leaders of the Sanyasi Revolt (1763-1800) and in which region did it occur?
527. What were the reasons for the Sanyasi Revolt?
528. What were the key events of the Sanyasi Revolt?
529. Who led the Revolt in Midnapore and Dhalbhum (1766-74) and where?
530. What was the reason for the Midnapore and Dhalbhum revolt?
531. What were the key events of the Midnapore and Dhalbhum revolt?
532. Who led the Revolt of Moamarias (1769-99) and in which region?
533. What was the reason for the Moamarias revolt?
534. What were the key events of the Moamarias revolt?
535. Who led the Civil Uprisings in Gorakhpur, Basti, and Bahraich (1781) and where?
536. What was the reason for the Civil Uprisings in Gorakhpur, Basti, and Bahraich?
537. What were the key events of the Civil Uprisings in Gorakhpur, Basti, and Bahraich?
538. Who led the Revolt of Raja of Vizianagaram (1794) and where?
539. What was the reason for the Revolt of Raja of Vizianagaram?
540. What were the key events of the Revolt of Raja of Vizianagaram?
541. Who led the Revolt of Dhundia in Bednur (1799-1800) and where?
542. What was the reason for Dhundia’s revolt?
543. What were the key events of Dhundia’s revolt?
544. Who led the Resistance of Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (1797; 1800-05) and where?
545. What were the reasons for Pazhassi Raja’s resistance?
546. What were the key events of Pazhassi Raja’s resistance?
547. Who led the Civil Rebellion in Awadh (1799) and what was the reason?
548. What were the key events of the Civil Rebellion in Awadh?
549. Who led the Uprisings in Ganjam and Gumsur (1800, 1835-37) and where?
550. What were the reasons for the Uprisings in Ganjam and Gumsur?
551. What were the key events of the Uprisings in Ganjam and Gumsur?
552. Who led the Uprisings in Palamau (1800-02) and where?
553. What were the reasons for the Palamau Uprisings?
554. What were the key events of the Palamau Uprisings?
555. Who led the Poligars’ Revolt (1795-1805) and where?
556. What were the reasons for the Poligars’ Revolt?
557. What were the key events of the Poligars’ Revolt (first phase 1795-99)?
558. What were the key events of the Poligars’ Revolt (second phase 1801)?
559. What were the key events of the Poligars’ Revolt (third phase 1803-05)?
560. Who led the Uprisings in Haryana Region (1803-1810) and where?
561. What was the reason for the Uprisings in Haryana Region?
562. What were the key events of the Uprisings in Haryana Region?
563. Who led Diwan Velu Thampi’s Revolt (1808-09) and where?
564. What were the reasons for Diwan Velu Thampi’s Revolt?
565. What were the key events of Diwan Velu Thampi’s Revolt?
566. Who led the Disturbances in Bundelkhand (1808-12) and where?
567. What was the reason for the Disturbances in Bundelkhand?
568. What were the key events of the Disturbances in Bundelkhand?
569. Who led the Parlakimedi Outbreak (1813-34) and where?
570. What was the reason for the Parlakimedi Outbreak?
571. What were the key events of the Parlakimedi Outbreak?
572. Who led the Kutch Rebellion (1816-32) and what was the reason?
573. What were the key events of the Kutch Rebellion?
574. Who led the Rising at Bareilly (1816) and what was the reason?
575. What were the key events of the Rising at Bareilly?
576. Who led the Upsurge in Hathras (1817) and what was the reason?
577. What were the key events of the Upsurge in Hathras?
578. Who led the Paika Rebellion (1817) and where?
579. What were the reasons for the Paika Rebellion?
580. What were the key events of the Paika Rebellion?
581. Who led the Waghera Rising (1818-20) and where?
582. What were the reasons for the Waghera Rising?
583. What were the key events of the Waghera Rising?
584. Who led the Ahom Revolt (1828) and where?
585. What was the reason for the Ahom Revolt?
586. What were the key events of the Ahom Revolt?
587. What were the Surat Salt Agitations (1840s) about?
588. What were the key events of the Surat Salt Agitations?
589. Who led the Kolhapur and Savantvadi Revolts and where?
590. What was the reason for the Kolhapur and Savantvadi Revolts?
591. What were the key events of the Kolhapur and Savantvadi Revolts?
592. Who led the Wahabi Movement and where did it spread?
593. What was the reason for the Wahabi Movement?
594. What were the key events of the Wahabi Movement?
595. Who led the Kuka Movement and where?
596. What was the reason for the Kuka Movement?
597. What were the key events of the Kuka Movement?
598. Who led the Narkelberia Uprising and where?
599. What were the reasons for the Narkelberia Uprising?
600. What were the key events of the Narkelberia Uprising?
601. Who led the Pagal Panthis movement and where?
602. What were the reasons for the Pagal Panthis movement?
603. What were the key events of the Pagal Panthis movement?
604. Who led the Faraizi Revolt and where?
605. What were the reasons for the Faraizi Revolt?
606. What were the key events of the Faraizi Revolt?
607. Who led the Moplah Uprisings and where?
608. What were the reasons for the Moplah Uprisings?
609. What were the key events of the Moplah Uprisings?
610. Who led the Peasants in 1857 Revolt and where?
611. What were the reasons for the Peasants in 1857 Revolt?
612. What were the key events for the Peasants in 1857 Revolt?
613. What characterized tribal revolts?
614. What distinguished mainland tribal revolts from northeast tribal revolts?
615. What were the common characteristics of tribal revolts?
616. What was the role of messiah-like figures in tribal uprisings?
617. What doomed tribal uprisings from the beginning?
619. Who led the Pahariyas Rebellion (1778) and where?
620. What were the reasons for the Pahariyas Rebellion?
621. What were the key events of the Pahariyas Rebellion?
622. Who led the Tilka Manjhi Revolt (1784-85) and where?
623. What were the reasons for the Tilka Manjhi Revolt?
624. What were the key events of the Tilka Manjhi Revolt?
625. Who led the Chuar Uprising (1768-99) and where?
626. What were the reasons for the Chuar Uprising?
627. What were the key events of the Chuar Uprising?
628. Who led the Tamar Revolt (1798) and where?
629. What were the reasons for the Tamar Revolt?
630. What were the key events of the Tamar Revolt?
631. Who led the Kol Mutiny (1831) and where?
632. What were the reasons for the Kol Mutiny?
633. What were the key events of the Kol Mutiny?
634. Who led the Ho and Munda Uprisings (1820-37) and where?
635. What were the reasons for the Ho and Munda Uprisings?
636. What were the key events of the Ho and Munda Uprisings?
637. Who led the Santhal Rebellions (1833, 1855-56) and where?
638. What were the reasons for the Santhal Rebellions?
639. What were the key events of the Santhal Rebellions?
640. Who led the Khond Uprisings (1837-56) and where?
641. What were the reasons for the Khond Uprisings?
642. What were the key events of the Khond Uprisings?
643. Who led the Koya Revolts (1803-86) and where?
644. What were the reasons for the Koya Revolts?
645. What were the key events of the Koya Revolts?
646. Who led the Bhil Revolts (1817-46) and where?
647. What were the reasons for the Bhil Revolts?
648. What were the key events of the Bhil Revolts?
649. Where did the Koli Risings (1829-48) occur?
650. What were the reasons for the Koli Risings?
651. What were the key events of the Koli Risings?
652. Who led the Ramosi Risings (1822-41) and where?
653. What were the reasons for the Ramosi Risings?
654. What were the key events of the Ramosi Risings?
655. What was the leadership and region of the Bokta Rising (1858-1895)?
656. What were the reasons for the Bokta Rising?
657. What were the key events of the Bokta Rising?
658. Who led the Birsa Munda Revolt “Ulgulan” (1890s-early 1900s) and where?
659. What were the reasons for the Birsa Munda Revolt?
660. What were the key events of the Birsa Munda Revolt?
661. Who led the Tana Bhagat Movement (1914-1919) and where?
662. What were the reasons for the Tana Bhagat Movement?
663. What were the key events of the Tana Bhagat Movement?
664. Who led the Devi Movement (1922-1923) and where?
665. What were the initial reasons and later targets of the Devi Movement?
666. What were the key events of the Devi Movement?
667. Who led the Khasi Uprising and where?
668. What was the cause of the Khasi Uprising?
669. What were the key events of the Khasi Uprising?
670. Who led the Singphos Rebellion in 1843 and where?
671. What was the cause of the Singphos Rebellion?
672. What were the key events of the Singphos Rebellion?
673. What was the reason for the Ahoms’ Revolt (1828-33)?
674. What was the outcome of the Ahoms’ Revolt?
675. Who led the Khasis’ Revolt (1830s) and what was the reason?
676. What was the outcome of the Khasis’ Revolt?
677. What was the reason for the Singphos’ Rebellion (1830s)?
678. What was the outcome of the Singphos’ Rebellion?
679. Who led the Kukis’ Revolt (1917-19) and where?
680. What was the reason for the Kukis’ Revolt?
681. Who led the Revolts in Tripura (1863-1940s) and what were the reasons?
682. Who led the Zeliangsong Movement (1920s) and where?
683. What was the reason for the Zeliangsong Movement?
684. Who led the Naga movement (1905-31) and what was its aim?
685. What was the outcome of the Naga movement?
686. Who led the Heraka Cult (1930s) and where?
687. What was the outcome of the Heraka Cult?
688. What was the first Sepoy mutiny and when did it occur?
689. When and why did the Vellore mutiny happen?
690. When did the 47th Native Infantry Unit mutiny?
691. When did the Grenadier Company revolt in Assam?
692. When did the Indian regiment mutiny at Sholapur?
693. Name some other Native Infantry mutinies before 1857.
694. How were these mutinies handled by the British?
695. What was the British response to these revolts?
696. What was the legacy of these early revolts?
697. What marked the beginning of the major uprising against British colonial rule?
698. What preceded the 1857 Revolt in India?
699. What was the status of the traditional economy under British rule?
700. How did heavy taxation affect the peasantry?
701. How were artisans affected by British policies?
702. What happened to the Awadh taluqdars?
703. What political policies of the British contributed to discontent?
704. Which specific British policies caused suspicion among Indian rulers?
705. What succession rights were denied to Hindu princes?
706. How was Mughal authority diminished by the British?
707. What administrative issues were prevalent under British rule?
708. What was the nature of the British governance system perceived by Indians?
709. What socio-religious factors contributed to the discontent?
710. What was the impact of temple taxation?
711. What was the Religious Disabilities Act of 1856?
712. How was the Religious Disabilities Act perceived by Indians?
713. What external factors revealed British vulnerability?
714. What were the grievances of the Sepoys?
715. What was the General Service Enlistment Act of 1856?
717. How did the annexation of Awadh affect the Sepoys?
718. What discrimination did Sepoys experience?
719. What earlier revolts served as precedents for the 1857 rebellion?
720. What rumors sparked the 1857 Revolt?
721. When did the 1857 Revolt begin in Meerut?
722. How did the revolt spread geographically?
723. What were the early signs of the revolt?
724. What was the immediate catalyst for the revolt?
725. What did the freed sepoys do after their release?
726. Who was proclaimed Emperor of India by the rebels?
727. What became the center of the revolt?
728. What did Bahadur Shah Zafar do to encourage the revolt?
729. Where else did the revolt spread?
730. How did civilians participate in the revolt?
731. What British establishments were targeted by civilians?
732. What was the estimated scale of deaths in Awadh alone?
733. Who was the symbolic figurehead of the revolt in Delhi?
734. Who was the actual commander in Delhi?
735. Who was Nana Saheb in Kanpur and what happened to him?
736. Who established administration in Lucknow?
737. When was Lucknow recovered by the British?
738. Who organized troops against the British in Bareilly?
739. Who joined the revolt in Bihar?
740. Who was Maulvi Ahmadullah?
741. Who fought against the Doctrine of Lapse in Jhansi?
742. Who did Rani Laxmibai join forces with?
743. Who sided with the English in Jhansi?
744. When was Gwalior recaptured by the British?
745. Who was Shah Mal in grassroots leadership?
746. What actions did Shah Mal’s grassroots leadership take?
747. When did the British capture Delhi during the suppression of the 1857 Revolt?
748. What happened to Bahadur Shah Zafar after Delhi’s capture?
749. What happened to the royal princes and the Mughal dynasty?
750. When were the major leaders of the revolt eliminated?
751. What happened to Rani of Jhansi, Tantia Tope, Kunwar Singh, Bakht Khan, and Maulvi Ahmadullah?
752. What happened to Nana Saheb and Begum of Awadh?
753. When was British authority fully restored?
754. What was the geographical spread of the 1857 Revolt?
755. What was the nature of support for the revolt?
756. Which Indian rulers remained neutral or pro-British during the revolt?
757. What military disadvantages did the rebels face?
758. What was the ideological weakness of the revolt?
759. How was Hindu-Muslim cooperation demonstrated during the revolt?
760. What evidence of mutual respect between religions was observed?
761. Describe the integrated leadership structure of the revolt.
762. What did the Hindu-Muslim unity during the revolt suggest about Indian politics before 1858?
763. What was the British view of the 1857 Revolt?
764. What was the nationalist view of the 1857 Revolt?
765. What was the Marxist view of the revolt?
766. How did Nehru describe the revolt?
767. What is the modern consensus regarding the nature of the revolt?
768. How did S.B. Chaudhuri describe the revolt?
769. What was the significance of the 1857 Revolt despite its failure?
770. What administrative transformation occurred after 1857?
771. What was Queen Victoria’s role after 1858?
772. What new administrative position was created in Britain?
773. What did Queen’s Proclamation (November 1, 1858) promise?
774. What military reorganization policy was implemented after 1857?
775. How was the Indian army restructured regarding Indian soldiers and European troops?
776. On what basis was recruitment focused after 1857?
777. What positions were reserved for Europeans in the army?
778. What was the Army Amalgamation Scheme of 1861?
779. How did British governance change politically after 1857?
780. What was the “White Mutiny”?
781. What did the Indian Civil Service Act (1861) promise and what was its reality?
782. How was economic exploitation intensified after 1857?
783. How did the racial divide change after 1857?
784. What philosophy justified imperial control?
785. What did the 1857 Revolt reveal about the Company’s administrative weaknesses?
786. What did the revolt expose regarding the grievances of people and sepoys?
787. What military lesson did the revolt demonstrate?
788. What was the conclusion drawn by educated Indians from the revolt?
789. What was established regarding local resistance traditions?
790. What was sown among the educated middle class by the revolt?
791. What emerged among enlightened Indians in the 19th century?
792. What did the Renaissance process create?
793. How did the colonial government’s role differ from previous invaders?
794. How did the 18th-century European scientific outlook contrast with Indian society?
795. What characterized social conditions in India regarding religion and caste?
796. What oppressive practices were common regarding women’s status?
797. What characterized the caste system?
798. How did caste consciousness exist across religious communities?
799. How did colonial culture dissemination interact with traditional reinvigoration?
800. What did Western exposure create awareness of?
801. What were the reactions to these changes?
802. What strengthened reform resolve in the late 19th century?
803. How did socio-cultural regeneration develop?
804. What were the two main streams of reform approaches?
805. How were these two streams distinguished?
806. What was the general status of women in society?
807. What social practices suppressed women?
808. How did reformers link women’s status improvement to national progress?
809. What did reformers advocate regarding women’s rights and customs?
810. When was the Calcutta Female Juvenile Society established and by whom?
811. Who founded the first women’s education council and when?
812. What was Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’s contribution to girls’ schools?
813. Who were the Maharashtra pioneers in education?
814. Who opened the first girls’ school in Pune and when?
815. When was Alexandra School for Parsi girls opened?
816. Who was Cornelia Sorabji and what was her achievement?
817. When was the Women’s Medical Service established and what was its purpose?
818. When was India’s First Women’s University founded and by whom?
819. What other institution was opened in Delhi in 1916?
820. How did women participate in political movements?
821. What did women face after 1918 during political processions?
822. When and by whom was Bharat Stree Mahamandal established?
823. What were the objectives of Bharat Stree Mahamandal?
824. When and by whom was the Ladies Social Conference founded in Bombay?
825. What organization did Pandita Ramabai create and what did it advocate?
826. Where did medical education for women begin?
827. When was the National Council of Women formed and under whose leadership?
828. When and by whom was AIWC founded?
829. What legislative reforms did AIWC work for?
830. Who was Sarojini Naidu’s role in the Indian National Congress and later in governance?
831. Who was Kamla Devi Chattopadhyaya?
832. Who was Cornelia Sorabji?
833. How did the caste system evolve and impact Hindu society?
834. How did British rule undermine the caste system?
835. How did modern commerce affect the economic alternatives available?
836. What legal changes did the British introduce regarding caste?
837. Which reform movements educated untouchables in the mid-19th century?
838. What aspects of caste did reformers criticize?
839. What principles did the national movement embrace regarding caste?
840. Who led the Self-Respect Movement in South India in the 1920s?
841. What organization did Gandhi found in 1932 and what did it advocate?
842. What did Jyotiba Phule prioritize regarding lower caste education?
843. Who was Gopal Baba Walangkar and what did he publish?
844. What organization did Gopal Baba Walangkar found?
845. What theory did Gopal Baba Walangkar propose regarding caste?
846. Who was Kisan Faguji Bansod and what did he do for Dalits?
847. What publication did Ambedkar start in 1920?
848. When did Ambedkar form the Bahushkrit Hitakarni Sabha?
849. What publication did Ambedkar start in 1927?
850. What Satyagraha did Ambedkar lead in 1927?
851. When did Ambedkar organize the All India Scheduled Castes Federation?
852. What constitutional reforms were introduced regarding untouchability and equality?
853. What public access rights were established by constitutional reforms?
854. What principles were established by constitutional reforms regarding social justice?
855. What was Raja Rammohan Roy’s contribution to anti-sati campaign?
856. What women’s rights did Raja Rammohan Roy advocate?
857. How did Raja Rammohan Roy contribute to education?
858. What was Raja Rammohan Roy’s contribution to the Bengali language?
859. What was Raja Rammohan Roy’s role in Indian journalism?
860. What economic reforms did Raja Rammohan Roy advocate?
861. What judicial reforms did Raja Rammohan Roy support?
862. What was Raja Rammohan Roy’s internationalist vision?
863. Who founded the Tattvabodhini Sabha and Tattvabodhini Patrika and when?
864. When did Debendranath Tagore join Brahmo Samaj?
865. What was the agenda of Brahmo Samaj under Debendranath Tagore?
866. When did Keshab Chandra Sen become acharya and expand the movement?
867. What caused the split in Brahmo Samaj in 1866?
868. What event in 1878 led to the formation of Sadharan Brahmo Samaj?
869. What were the reform principles across various movements?
870. When and where was Prarthana Samaj founded?
871. What organization preceded Prarthana Samaj?
872. When did Mahadev Govind Ranade join Prarthana Samaj and what was his contribution?
873. Name other leaders of Prarthana Samaj.
874. What was the four-point agenda of Prarthana Samaj?
875. What movements did Prarthana Samaj establish?
876. What was the nature of the Young Bengal Movement (1820s-30s)?
877. Who led the Young Bengal Movement?
878. What inspired the Young Bengal Movement?
879. What did the Young Bengal Movement encourage?
880. What was the limitation of the Young Bengal Movement’s impact?
881. What was Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’s role as Sanskrit College principal?
882. How did Vidyasagar blend Indian and Western thought?
883. What did Vidyasagar secure and oppose regarding social practices?
884. What was Vidyasagar’s contribution to girls’ education?
885. What was Vidyasagar’s position at Bethune School?
886. When was Paramahansa Mandali founded and what was its purpose?
887. Who were the founders of Paramahansa Mandali?
888. What principles did Paramahansa Mandali promote?
889. What did Paramahansa Mandali advocate for women?
890. How did Paramahansa Mandali expand its reach?
891. What was Jyotirao Phule’s contribution to education?
892. What publications did Jyotirao Phule establish?
893. What was Gopal Baba Walangkar’s position in 1920?
894. What did Gopal Baba Walangkar advocate for Dalits?
895. What was Vitthal Ramji Shinde’s contribution to education for untouchables?
896. What organization did Vitthal Ramji Shinde found in 1906?
897. What did Shinde advocate for the depressed classes?
898. What was Shinde’s role in 1919 regarding the Southborough Franchise Committee?
899. What happened to Shinde during the Civil Disobedience Movement?
900. What book did Vitthal Ramji Shinde author?
901. Who founded the Servants of India Society in 1905?
902. What were the objectives of the Servants of India Society?
903. What publication did the Servants of India Society start in 1911?
904. What was Narayan Malhar Joshi’s contribution in Bombay?
905. What organization did Joshi found in 1920?
906. What was the Ramakrishna Movement based on?
907. What were the two objectives of the Ramakrishna Movement?
908. When did Vivekananda found the Ramakrishna Mission?
909. What ideology did Vivekananda advocate?
910. What doctrine did Vivekananda promote?
911. What international recognition did Vivekananda gain in 1893?
912. What did Vivekananda promote at the Parliament of Religions?
913. What was the institutional impact of the Ramakrishna Mission?
914. Does the Ramakrishna Mission engage in proselytizing?
916. What legislative act was Malabari associated with?
917. What welfare work did Malabari provide?
918. What publication did Malabari acquire and edit?
919. Who established the Dev Samaj and what were its core tenets?
920. What book compiled the teachings of Dev Samaj?
921. Who founded the Dharma Sabha and what did it preserve?
922. What kind of education did the Dharma Sabha support?
923. When and how was the Bharat Dharma Mahamandala formed?
924. What was the purpose of the Bharat Dharma Mahamandala?
925. Who was a prominent figure in the Bharat Dharma Mahamandala?
926. Who founded the Radhaswami Movement and what were its beliefs?
927. What was the Radhaswami Movement’s stance on other religions?
928. What was the focus of the SNDP Movement?
929. What was the Vokkaliga Sangha founded for?
930. Who led the Justice Movement in Madras Presidency?
931. When was the Madras Presidency Association formed?
932. What was the demand of the Justice Movement?
933. Who led the Self-Respect Movement and what did it reject?
934. What kind of weddings did the Self-Respect Movement formalize?
935. What previous work laid the groundwork for the Temple Entry Movement?
936. Who championed temple access for untouchables?
937. When and by whom was the Vaikom Satyagraha led?
938. When were temple entry movements organized during Civil Disobedience suspension?
939. Who led the 16 volunteers to Guruvayur in 1931?
940. What was the significant action by Travancore Maharaja in 1936?
941. Who ensured temple entry rights of Dalits in Madras?
942. When and by whom were the Theosophical Society’s headquarters moved to Adyar?
943. What did the Theosophical Society believe in?
944. What were the aims of the Theosophical Society?
945. What was Annie Besant’s contribution to education through the Theosophical Society?
946. What was the impact of the Theosophical Society on average Indians?
947. How did reform movements contribute positively to individual freedom?
948. How did vernacular translations help in reform movements?
949. What kind of thinking did reform movements emphasize?
950. How did reform movements provide cultural anchors?
951. How did reform movements create a modernization framework?
952. How did reform movements strengthen national consciousness?
953. What was the approach of reform movements to traditional customs?
954. What educational reforms did these movements promote?
955. What were the limitations of these reform movements regarding reach?
956. What was a drawback regarding the emphasis on religious aspects in reform movements?
957. How did reform movements contribute to religious compartmentalization?
958. What was a drawback of selective glorification of the past?
959. How did reform movements approach mysticism and scientific outlook?
960. What was a criticism of high-caste reformers regarding exploitation?
961. How did uncritical praise of ancient periods affect historically marginalized groups?
962. How did reform movements contribute to communal consciousness?
963. What were the dual origins of Indian nationalism?
964. What concepts did the French Revolution introduce to India?
965. What fostered cultural identity in India?
966. How did British modernization contribute to the institutional framework in India?
967. What provoked organized resistance against imperial policies?
968. How did unification act as a nationalist foundation?
969. How did administrative consolidation contribute to political consciousness?
970. How did transportation networks impact regional economies and leaders?
971. How did unified systems establish a governance framework for nationalists?
972. What did Western education and thought lead to in India?
973. What democratic concepts were introduced by liberal European thought?
974. How did the English language contribute to unity?
975. What did educated professionals witness regarding rights disparities?
976. What leadership did the middle-class intelligentsia provide?
977. How many vernacular newspapers were in circulation in 1877?
978. What was the dual role of the press?
979. What concepts were disseminated by the press?
980. What did the press facilitate regarding political exchange?
981. How did historical research contribute to the cultural renaissance in India?
982. What was the “Indo-Aryan theory” and how did it counter colonial narratives?
983. How did socio-religious reforms contribute to unity?
984. What economic innovations by the British created an educated class?
985. What group provided nationalist leadership, including the INC?
986. What global movements influenced Indian nationalism?
987. How did British racial discrimination policies impact resistance?
988. What happened to the age limit for ICS in 1876?
989. What was the Arms Act of 1878?
990. What was the Ilbert Bill controversy of 1883?
991. What was the outcome of the Ilbert Bill controversy?
992. How did colonial injustice catalyze nationalist organization techniques?
993. What kind of associations were formed by wealthy aristocratic groups in the early 19th century?
994. What were the primary demands of these early associations?
995. Who took leadership in the late 19th century regarding political evolution?
996. When and by whom was the Bangabhasha Prakashika Sabha formed?
997. When and why was the Landholders’ Society established?
998. When and why was the Bengal British India Society formed?
999. What merger occurred in 1851 regarding political associations?
1000. What was a key demand of the British Indian Association?
1001. When and by whom was the East India Association founded in London?
1002. When and by whom was the Indian League started?
1003. When and by whom was the Indian Association of Calcutta established?
1005. What were the achievements of the Indian Association of Calcutta?
1006. What conference did the Indian Association of Calcutta host in 1883?
1007. What happened to the Indian Association of Calcutta in 1886?
1008. When and by whom was the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha founded?
1009. When and by whom was the Madras Mahajan Sabha formed?
1010. When and by whom was the Bombay Presidency Association established?
1011. What was the pre-Congress campaign in 1875 about?
1012. What were the pre-Congress campaigns from 1878-1879?
1013. What were the pre-Congress protests in 1878?
1014. What rights were supported in pre-Congress campaigns?
1015. What exploitation was opposed in pre-Congress campaigns?
1016. What bill was supported in pre-Congress campaigns?
1017. What political actions were demanded in pre-Congress campaigns?
1018. When was the first session of the Indian National Congress held and by whom was it organized?
1019. What conferences preceded the INC sessions?
1020. What was the meeting frequency and location pattern of INC?
1021. Name some early presidents of the INC.
1022. Who addressed Congress in 1890 and what did she advocate?
1023. What was the “Safety Valve Theory” regarding the foundation of INC?
1024. What was the nationalist view regarding the foundation of INC?
1025. How did Bipan Chandra view Hume’s role in the formation of Congress?
1026. What were the core objectives of the INC?
1027. Who were the prominent leaders of the Moderate Era (1885-1905)?
1028. What was the strategy of the Moderates?
1029. Describe the two-pronged approach of the Moderates.
1030. When was the London branch of INC established?
1031. What book by Dadabhai Naoroji contributed to the economic critique of British rule?
1032. Who developed the “drain theory” of colonial exploitation?
1033. What did the “drain theory” oppose regarding the Indian economy?
1034. What were the specific economic demands of the Moderates?
1035. What did the Moderates advocate for indigenous industries?
1036. What was the level of Indian representation in Imperial Legislative Council from 1861-1892?
1037. What changes did the Indian Council Act 1892 bring to membership?
1038. How were councils viewed despite British intentions?
1039. How did demands evolve from 1904-1906?
1040. What were the three main arguments for Indianization of government services?
1041. What administrative reform did the Moderates demand?
1042. What criticisms did the Moderates have regarding British foreign policy?
1043. What demands did the Moderates make regarding welfare expenditure?
1044. What improvements did the Moderates advocate for labor treatment abroad?
1045. What was the British government’s initial attitude towards the Congress?
1046. How did the British government’s stance change after 1887 regarding nationalists?
1047. What tactics did the British employ against rising nationalism?
1048. How did the British encourage religious divisions?
1049. Did the British succeed in suppressing rising nationalism?
1050. What kind of rewards were part of the “carrot” policy?
1051. What punitive actions were part of the “stick” policy?
1052. What law allowed detention without trial?
1053. What marked the emergence of Militant Nationalism?
1054. What were the catalysts for Militant Nationalism?
1055. What was the perception regarding government actions and rights?
1056. How did nationalists criticize the Indian Councils Act of 1892?
1057. What happened to Natu brothers in 1897 and Tilak?
1058. What repressive laws were amplified between 1898-1899?
1059. What happened to Indian members in Calcutta Corporation in 1899?
1060. What act curbed press freedom in 1904?
1061. What act increased government control over universities?
1062. What was the human cost of famines between 1896 and 1900?
1063. What happened during the 1896-1897 Famine?
1064. What happened during the 1899-1900 Bombay Famine?
1065. What was the purpose of the Indian Universities Act of 1904?
1066. What was the purpose of the Official Secrets Act of 1923?
1067. What was Section 124A of the IPC about?
1068. What were the ideological foundations of Militant Nationalism?
1069. How did education spread awareness and unemployment among the educated class?
1070. What international examples influenced Militant Nationalism?
1071. What was the reaction of Indian intellectuals to westernization?
1072. How did dissatisfaction with Moderate policies influence Militant Nationalism?
1073. Who were the leaders of the Militant School?
1074. What were the core principles of the Militant School?
1075. How did Curzon’s policies influence Militant Nationalism?
1076. What did the new leadership of the Militant School channel?
1077. When did the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement originate?
1078. How was Bengal divided by the British?
1079. What was the British motive behind the Bengal partition?
1080. How did Curzon attempt to appease Muslims?
1081. What methods did moderate leaders use during the movement development?
1082. When was the Boycott Resolution passed and what was its significance?
1083. What happened after the partition was implemented in October 1905?
1084. How much money was raised for the movement?
1085. Where did the movement spread across India?
1086. What was the Congress response in 1905 regarding the Swadeshi Movement?
1087. What did the militants advocate within Congress?
1088. What was declared as the Congress goal in 1906?
1089. What happened at the Surat session in 1907?
1090. How did Extremists dominate the Swadeshi Movement?
1091. What was the government’s suppression strategy during the Swadeshi Movement?
1092. What was Naoroji’s declaration regarding self-government?
1093. What was the passive resistance strategy during the Swadeshi Movement?
1094. What was the purpose of passive resistance?
1095. How did Aurobindo Ghosh define political freedom?
1096. What triggered the British suppression of colonial educational institutions?
1097. What was Raja Subodh Mullick’s contribution to national schools?
1098. What institutions were established in 1906 for national education?
1099. Who were the Principal and President of Bengal National College?
1100. How was education delivered through the Bengal National College?
1101. What nationalist songs and literature emerged during the Swadeshi movement?
1102. When was the Indian Society of Oriental Art established and by whom?
1103. What contributions did Indian scientists make during this period?
1104. When was the Bengal partition annulled and what other changes occurred in 1911?
1105. When did the Swadeshi movement fizzle out?
1106. What were the decline factors for the Swadeshi movement?
1107. What was the Extremists’ position on social base?
1108. What was the Moderates’ position on social base?
1109. What was the ideological inspiration for Extremists?
1110. What was the ideological inspiration for Moderates?
1111. What was the Extremists’ view of the British mission?
1112. What was the Moderates’ view of the British mission?
1113. What was the Extremists’ view on political relations with Britain?
1114. What was the Moderates’ view on political relations with Britain?
1115. What was the Extremists’ loyalty to the British Crown?
1116. What was the Moderates’ loyalty to the British Crown?
1117. What was the Extremists’ approach to mass participation?
1118. What was the Moderates’ approach to mass participation?
1119. What were the political demands of the Extremists?
1120. What were the political demands of the Moderates?
1121. What was the Moderates’ method of struggle?
1122. What was the Extremists’ method of struggle?
1123. What was the Moderates’ view on patriotism?
1124. What was the Extremists’ view on patriotism?
1125. What happened at the Surat Split in 1907?
1126. What was the Extremists’ stance on boycott and leadership (1905-1907)?
1127. What was the Moderates’ stance on methods and participation (1905-1907)?
1128. What compromise was reached in Calcutta in 1906 regarding the Congress goal?
1129. What session did Extremists want Tilak as president for?
1130. Where did Moderates move the Congress meeting to and whom did they propose as president?
1131. What was the outcome of the rigid positions adopted by both sides?
1132. Who retained control of the Congress organization after the split?
1133. What was the British government’s attitude towards Congress after the Surat Split?
1134. What policy did the British implement after the Swadeshi Movement?
1135. Describe the three-pronged approach of the British government’s strategy.
1136. What demand was made at the Simla Deputation in 1906?
1137. What demands did Gopal Krishna Gokhale present?
1138. What reforms were created by Viceroy Minto and Morley?
1139. What was established by the Indian Councils Act 1909?
1140. What was the representation structure under the Morley Minto Reforms regarding Muslims?
1141. What was the composition of the Imperial Legislative Council under the 1909 Act?
1142. What was the majority status in Provincial councils?
1143. Who was appointed to the Viceroy’s executive council?
1144. Describe the electoral system under the 1909 Act.
1145. What was the income qualification for Muslim voters?
1146. How many seats were reserved for Muslims, British capitalists, and landlords?
1147. How were legislative powers expanded at central and provincial levels?
1148. What powers did legislative bodies have regarding resolutions and budget items?
1149. What budget aspect could not be voted upon?
1150. Did the 1909 reforms introduce parliamentary responsibility?
1151. What was the political intent behind the Morley Minto Reforms?
1152. Did Morley support self-government and a parliamentary system?
1153. What were the structural flaws of the Morley Minto Reforms?
1154. What was the nature of revolutionary heroism?
1155. What were the two phases of revolutionary activities?
1156. What continued revolutionary activities after leadership failure?
1157. What models influenced the revolutionary programme?
1158. What methods did the revolutionaries employ?
1159. What were the goals of the revolutionaries?
1160. Why did Extremist leaders fail to counter individualistic violent approaches?
1161. What distinction did the revolutionary activities lack?
1162. When did inactive secret societies begin to form in Bengal?
1163. When and where were the first revolutionary groups formed in Bengal?
1164. What did the Yugantar weekly advocate in 1906?
1165. What assassination attempts did the Yugantar group make in 1907?
1166. What happened during the Kingsford bombing in 1908?
1167. What was the link between the bomb and Anushilan members?
1168. What was the outcome of the Alipore Conspiracy Case?
1169. What was the fate of Barindra Ghosh and Ullaskar Dutt?
1170. What was the purpose of the Barrah dacoity conducted by Dacca Anushilan in 1908?
1171. What assassinations occurred between 1909-1910?
1172. What was the Delhi Conspiracy Trial about?
1173. What was the fate of Baswant Kumar Biswas, Amir Chand, and Avadh Behari?
1174. What happened to Rashbehari Bose after the Delhi Conspiracy Trial?
1176. Who was assigned to lead Bengal and Upper India in the German Plot?
1177. How was the German Plot funded and what were its aims?
1178. What caused the collapse of the German Plot?
1179. Name some revolutionary newspapers.
1180. What was the legacy of the revolutionary activities in Bengal?
1181. What were the limitations of the revolutionary activities?
1182. What drove extremism in Punjab?
1183. What publication did Lala Lajpat Rai publish?
1184. What organization did Ajit Singh form and what publication did he start?
1185. What did Ajit Singh’s group urge?
1186. What happened in 1907 concerning political meetings and leaders in Punjab?
1187. What was Dhingra’s fate?
1188. Where did revolutionary centers emerge?
1189. What was the precursor to the Ghadr Party?
1190. When and where was the Ghadr Party formed?
1191. What was the Ghadr program?
1192. What was the Komagata Maru incident and when did it occur?
1193. What happened in February 1915 regarding armed revolt in Punjab?
1194. What act was passed in March 1915 to crush the Ghadr movement?
1195. What was the achievement of the Ghadr movement?
1196. What were the failures of the Ghadr movement?
1197. When and where was the Berlin Committee for Indian Independence established?
1198. Who supported the Berlin Committee for Indian Independence?
1199. What were the aims of the Berlin Committee?
1200. Where did Indian revolutionaries send missions?
1201. What was organized by the mission to Kabul?
1202. What mutiny occurred in Singapore and when?
1203. What was the impact of WWI on revolutionary activity?
1204. What happened to prisoners under the Defense of India Rules?
1205. How did Montagu’s August 1917 statement affect the atmosphere?
1206. What program was discussed regarding constitutional reforms and non-violence?
1208. Who were the leaders of the Home Rule League Movement?
1209. What alliance did these leaders form?
1210. What was the goal of the Home Rule League Movement?
1211. How many separate leagues were launched and how were they coordinated?
1212. What triggered the revival of political activity by Tilak and Besant?
1213. How did Besant campaign for self-government in 1915?
1214. How did the government respond to the Home Rule League Movement?
1215. What happened to Besant in June 1917?
1216. When was Besant released?
1217. What were the organizational weaknesses of the movement?
1218. How did Montagu’s 1917 reform statement affect Moderates?
1219. How did the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms (July 1918) affect nationalists?
1220. What happened to Tilak in September 1918?
1221. How did Gandhi’s approach impact the movement’s momentum?
1222. What administrative change occurred in 1920 regarding the league?
1223. How did the Home Rule Movement impact Congress’s involvement with masses?
1224. How did the movement connect different regions?
1225. What did the Home Rule Movement prepare the masses for?
1226. What reforms did the Home Rule Movement influence?
1227. What was the outcome of readmitting extremists to Congress in 1916?
1228. What was Tilak’s stance on reform and violence?
1229. What happened to Pherozeshah Mehta regarding moderate opposition?
1230. What was the alignment of younger militant nationalists in the League?
1231. What caused the League to shift its stance?
1232. What were the key provisions of the Lucknow Pact?
1233. What joint demands were included in the Lucknow Pact?
1234. What was promised by Montagu’s Statement in August 1917?
1235. What term was used for self-government demands by Montagu’s statement?
1236. What concept was introduced by Montagu’s statement?
1237. What was the timeline provided by Montagu’s statement for self-governance?
1238. Who would decide the nature and timing of advances toward responsible government?
1239. What fueled nationalist resurgence after WWI?
1240. What was the impact of the Post-War Economic Crisis on India?
1241. What sectoral suffering was experienced after WWI?
1242. What were the political expectations after WWI?
1243. What caused global disillusionment after WWI?
1244. What was the impact of the Russian Revolution?
1245. What did the Soviet Union renounce regarding imperialist rights?
1246. What was granted to former colonies and Asian nationalities?
1247. What did the October Revolution demonstrate?
1248. What were the consequences of the Russian Revolution?
1249. What was the nature of the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919)?
1250. What were the “carrot” and “stick” components of the reforms?
1251. What were the main provisions of the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms regarding the Centre?
1252. What were the main provisions of the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms regarding the Provinces?
1253. What was the extent of franchise under the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms?
1255. What percentage of the budget was votable by the legislature?
1256. What subjects remained “reserved” for the British?
1257. What control did ministers lack under the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms?
1258. How did Congress view the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms?
1259. How did Gandhi describe the reforms?
1260. How did Tilak describe the reforms?
1261. How did Bose describe the reforms?
1262. What did British critics acknowledge about the reforms?
1263. When and where was Gandhi born?
1264. What was Gandhi’s educational background?
1265. What did Gandhi witness in South Africa?
1266. What three Indian groups were present in South Africa?
1267. What rights were denied to Indians in South Africa?
1268. What was Gandhi’s approach between 1894 and 1906?
1269. When did Gandhi form the Passive Resistance Association?
1270. What did Gandhi develop as part of passive resistance?
1271. What public action did Gandhi organize against the certificates?
1272. What tax did Gandhi protest against?
1273. What Supreme Court invalidation did Gandhi challenge?
1274. What law restricted movement between South African provinces?
1275. What triggered worker strikes across industries?
1276. What movement did Gokhale’s India tour generate?
1277. What forced the government to negotiate a settlement?
1278. What concessions did South Africa make to major Indian demands?
1279. What was promised regarding Indian immigration?
1280. What was the foundation of Gandhi’s Satyagraha technique?
1281. What were the core principles of Satyagraha?
1282. What methods were part of Satyagraha?
1283. What did Satyagraha require from participants?
1284. What was demanded regarding courage in Satyagraha?
1285. When did Gandhi return to India?
1286. What did Gandhi do in his first year in India?
1287. Did Gandhi support the Home Rule agitation during WWI?
1288. Which organizations did Gandhi join?
1289. What were the three foundational struggles led by Gandhi between 1917 and 1918?
1290. What was the Champaran Satyagraha (1917) primarily about?
1291. What was the demand that arose after German synthetic dyes replaced indigo?
1292. What happened when Gandhi reached Champaran to probe the situation?
1293. What was secured at the end of Champaran Satyagraha?
1294. What was the outcome for European planters in Champaran?
1295. Who were some other leaders of the Champaran Satyagraha?
1296. What was the issue during the Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918)?
1297. What were the workers’ demands and owners’ offers?
1298. What was Gandhi’s strategy during the Ahmedabad Mill Strike?
1299. What was the result of the Ahmedabad Mill Strike?
1300. What was the reason for the Kheda Satyagraha (1918)?
1301. How did the government respond to the demand for relief in Kheda?
1302. What was Gandhi’s role in the Kheda Satyagraha?
1303. Who organized cross-community resistance in Kheda?
1304. What was the farmers’ unity during the Kheda Satyagraha?
1305. How did other Gujaratis support the Kheda Satyagraha?
1306. What was the government’s eventual action in Kheda?
1307. How did the Kheda Satyagraha connect economic struggle to independence?
1308. What was a key gain from these movements regarding Satyagraha technique?
1309. How did Gandhi connect with the masses through these movements?
1310. What did Gandhi gain from the youth during these movements?
1311. What was the Rowlatt Act (March 1919)?
1312. What were the provisions of the Rowlatt Act?
1313. What were the powers under the Rowlatt Act regarding habeas corpus and press?
1314. What was the response of elected Indian legislators to the Rowlatt Act?
1315. What was the expectation of Indians after WWI?
1316. What organization did Gandhi form for Satyagraha?
1317. When was the nationwide hartal launched?
1318. What was the significance of the movement regarding mass grievances?
1319. How did the movement change the national movement’s participation?
1320. What happened before the launch of the movement in Calcutta, Bombay, and Delhi?
1321. What was the situation in Punjab before the movement?
1322. What was the scale of the uprising in April 1919?
1323. What escalated tensions before the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre?
1324. What ban did General Dyer issue before Baisakhi festival?
1325. Describe the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919).
1326. What followed the massacre?
1327. What titles did Tagore and Gandhi renounce after the massacre?
1328. How do historians describe the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre?
1329. What was the impact of the massacre on Punjab politics and future revolutionaries?
1330. When was the Hunter Committee formed and for what purpose?
1331. Who chaired the Hunter Committee and who were the Indian members?
1332. What areas did the Hunter Committee investigate?
1333. What was the committee’s unanimous condemnation in 1920?
1334. What errors were identified in Dyer’s actions?
1335. What did the Indian members emphasize about Dyer’s actions?
1336. What was the outcome for Dyer?
1337. What was the split within British reaction to the massacre?
1338. How did Churchill and the House of Lords react to Dyer?
1339. What act did the government pass before the inquiry’s outcome?
1340. How did Congress view the British actions?
1341. What were the core methods of the Non-Cooperation Movement?
1342. What was a key achievement of the Non-Cooperation Movement regarding unity?
1343. What were the background factors leading to the Non-Cooperation Movement?
1344. What was the role of the Turkish sultan (Khalifa)?
1345. How did the Post-WWI dismemberment of Turkey affect Muslims?
1346. When was the Khilafat Committee formed and what were its demands?
1347. How did the Khilafat movement evolve?
1348. How did Gandhi view the Khilafat movement?
1349. What were Congress’s reasons for supporting the Khilafat movement?
1350. How did the Non-Cooperation Movement impact mass discontent?
1351. What was the Muslim League’s stance on the Non-Cooperation Movement?
1352. What happened in February 1920 regarding the Khilafat cause?
1353. What happened in May 1920 regarding Turkey?
1354. What conference approved the boycott program in June 1920?
1355. When did the Khilafat Committee launch non-cooperation?
1356. When did Congress approve the non-cooperation program?
1357. What were the components of the boycott program?
1358. What was renounced as part of the non-cooperation program?
1359. What decisions were made at the Nagpur session of Congress in December?
1360. What new committee was established at the Nagpur session?
1361. What organizational changes occurred regarding provincial committees?
1362. What change was made to the entry fee for Congress membership?
1363. What was the stance of some moderates regarding the movement?
1364. What was the impact of the educational boycott?
1366. How much was collected for the Tilak Swaraj Fund?
1367. What happened to Ali brothers regarding the army?
1368. Where did civil disobedience begin as a non-tax movement?
1369. What labor actions occurred in Assam?
1370. What local movements emerged during this period?
1371. When was Jamia Milia Islamia founded and by whom?
1372. What was the nature of Jamia Milia Islamia as an institution?
1373. When was Kashi Vidyapeeth founded and what was its focus?
1374. When was Gujarat Vidyapeeth founded and by whom?
1375. What did Gujarat Vidyapeeth emphasize?
1376. When was Bihar Vidyapeeth founded and by whom?
1377. What did Bihar Vidyapeeth promote?
1378. What was the initial and later participation of the middle class?
1379. How did businesses support the movement?
1380. What was the participation of peasants?
1381. What was the role of students in the movement?
1382. How did women participate in the movement?
1383. What was the nature of Hindu-Muslim Unity regarding arrests?
1384. What happened in May 1921 regarding Gandhi-Reading talks?
1385. What actions did the government take in December 1921?
1386. What ultimatum did Gandhi issue in 1922?
1387. What event led to Gandhi withdrawing the movement?
1388. How did leaders like Bose, C.R. Das, and Nehru react to the withdrawal?
1389. What happened to Gandhi in March?
1390. What was one interpretation of why Gandhi withdrew the movement?
1391. What was the risk associated with the Chauri-Chaura incident?
1392. How could the colonial regime respond to violence?
1393. What did the movement show about fatigue and government willingness to negotiate?
1394. What happened to the Khilafat cause in November 1922 and 1924?
1395. What was the political situation among nationalists after Gandhi’s arrest in 1922?
1396. Who were the Swarajists and what did they advocate?
1397. Who were the No-Changers and what did they favor?
1398. What happened to the Swarajists’ proposal at the Gaya Congress session?
1399. What was the immediate consequence for C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru?
1400. What party did C.R. Das form?
1401. What was the Swarajists’ key argument for council entry?
1402. What was the No-Changers’ key argument against parliamentary work?
1403. What compromise was reached in 1923 regarding Swarajist participation?
1404. When was the Swarajist Manifesto released?
1405. What did the Swarajist Manifesto criticize and denounce?
1406. What demands did the Swarajist Manifesto make and what policy would they adopt if rejected?
1407. What was the Swarajists’ electoral performance in November 1923?
1408. What was Gandhi’s initial attitude towards council entry?
1409. When was Gandhi released from prison and how did he reconcile with Swarajists?
1410. Why did Gandhi feel public opposition to council entry would be counterproductive?
1411. What angered Gandhi about government actions?
1412. What was the agreement reached at the Belgaum session?
1413. How did the Swarajists weaken their position?
1414. Who advocated government cooperation and office-holding among Responsivists?
1415. How did the government divide Swarajists in 1925?
1416. What support did Swarajists lose over Bengal tenant issues?
1417. What did the leadership advocate in 1926?
1418. What was the Swarajists’ performance in the 1926 Elections?
1419. What action did Swarajists take in 1930 following the Lahore Congress resolution?
1420. What were the achievements of the Swarajists in the councils?
1421. What were the drawbacks of the Swarajists’ council work?
1422. What was the nature of constructive work by No-Changers?
1423. What was a critique of constructive work regarding political currents?
1424. What was the participation of youth in mass movements?
1425. Who led the Bengal Students’ Conference in 1928?
1426. What was the participation of peasants in mass movements?
1427. What was the Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) led by?
1428. When was AITUC (All Indian Trade Union Congress) founded and by whom?
1429. When was the first Indian May Day celebrated?
1430. What major strike occurred in Bombay in 1928?
1431. Why did revolutionary activity attract people after the Non-Cooperation Movement?
1432. What organizations were active in Punjab-UP-Bihar for revolutionary activity?
1433. What groups were active in Bengal for revolutionary activity?
1434. What happened to Gopinath Saha in 1924?
1435. How did factional conflicts affect the revolutionary movement initially?
1436. Who emerged as the most significant revolt group in Chittagong?
1437. What happened during the Chittagong Armoury Raid in 1930?
1438. What actions were taken by 65 activists under the Indian Republican Army-Chittagong Branch?
1439. What was the impact of Surya Sen’s execution in 1934?
1440. What were the positives of the new phase in Bengal regarding women revolutionaries?
1441. What kind of action was emphasized in the new phase?
1442. What changes occurred regarding religious barriers and Muslim participation?
1443. What were the negatives of the new phase in Bengal?
1444. Who was Pritilata Waddedar and what happened to her?
1445. What was the fate of Kalpana Dutt?
1446. Who killed the district magistrate in 1931?
1447. What did Bina Das do in 1932?
1448. What was the government’s reaction to the revolutionary activities?
1449. What punitive measures were imposed on villages?
1450. What happened to Nehru in 1933?
1451. What was the HRA Manifesto (1925) aimed at?
1452. What did the HRA Manifesto advocate for industries?
1453. How did revolutionaries shift their approach in the late 1920s?
1454. What did Bismil urge regarding revolutionary work?
1455. What was Bhagat Singh’s transition in ideology?
1456. How did Bhagat Singh define revolution?
1457. When and for what purpose was Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha established?
1458. What organization did Bhagat Singh and Sukhdev form for mass movement organization?
1459. What did they promote for secularism?
1460. What was “The Philosophy of the Bomb”?
1461. What was “The Philosophy of the Bomb” a response to?
1462. What was the unanimous Indian reaction to the Simon Commission’s appointment?
1463. What did Congress decide in December 1927 regarding the Simon Commission?
1464. Who supported the boycott of the Simon Commission?
1465. What happened on February 3, 1928, upon the commission’s arrival?
1466. What youth movement emerged during this period?
1467. Who was appointed by Bombay Council to work with the Simon Commission?
1468. How did the police respond to demonstrations against the Simon Commission?
1469. What happened to Lala Lajpat Rai in 1928?
1470. What was the main recommendation of the Simon Commission regarding Dyarchy?
1471. What was recommended for Provincial autonomy and Governor’s discretionary powers?
1472. What was recommended for central parliamentary responsibility?
1473. Were communal electorates retained by the Simon Commission?
1474. What was the recommendation for federalism?
1475. What was recommended for NWFP and Baluchistan?
1476. What was recommended for Sindh and Burma?
1477. What was recommended for the Indian army?
1478. What was the Nehru Report (1928) primarily?
1479. Who were the committee members for the Nehru Report?
1480. What was the outcome of the Nehru Report regarding dominion status vs complete independence?
1481. What did the Muslim League demand in the Delhi Proposals (1927)?
1482. What representation did the Muslim League demand in the Central Assembly?
1483. What was demanded for Punjab and Bengal regarding representation?
1484. What new Muslim-majority provinces were demanded?
1485. How did Hindu Mahasabha respond to Muslim demands?
1486. What concessions did the Nehru Report grant to Hindu Mahasabha?
1487. What was recommended for Sindh’s detachment from Bombay?
1488. What kind of political structure was favored by the Nehru Report?
1489. What was Jinnah’s amendment regarding Muslim representation in 1928?
1490. What were the “Fourteen Points” (1929) proposed by Jinnah?
1491. How was the Nehru Report received by communal groups?
1493. When was the Calcutta Congress session held and what was approved?
1494. What was the demand of younger elements like Nehru and Bose?
1495. What was the preference of older leaders like Gandhi and Motilal Nehru?
1496. What ultimatum did Congress issue?
1498. What was the role of the Labour Government in England and Wedgewood Benn in 1929?
1499. What was Gandhi’s action in 1929 prior to the Civil Disobedience Movement?
1500. What was the stated purpose of Irwin’s Declaration (October 1929)?
1501. What did Irwin’s Declaration promise?
1502. What were the conditions set by national leaders in the Delhi Manifesto (November 1929)?
1503. What was demanded regarding political prisoners in the Delhi Manifesto?
1504. Did Irwin accept the Delhi Manifesto demands?
1505. What was declared as the goal at the Lahore Congress in December 1929?
1506. What decision was made regarding the Round Table Conference and legislators?
1507. When was Independence Day declared?
1508. What was done on December 31, 1929?
1509. How was the Independence Pledge read and what did it declare?
1510. What aspects of British exploitation were detailed in the Independence Pledge?
1511. What commitment was made regarding civil disobedience?
1512. What ultimatum did Gandhi issue in 1930?
1513. What were the issues of general interest in Gandhi’s 11 demands?
1514. What were the specific bourgeois demands in Gandhi’s 11 demands?
1515. What were the specific peasant demands in Gandhi’s 11 demands?
1516. What authorization did the Congress Working Committee give to Gandhi?
1517. Why was salt chosen as an important theme for the movement?
1518. How many followers did Gandhi lead on the Dandi March?
1519. When did Gandhi violate the salt law?
1520. What directives were given for Civil Disobedience?
1521. What happened in April 1930 regarding Nehru?
1522. What happened in May 1930 after Gandhi’s arrest?
1523. What was the impact in Ryotwari areas?
1524. Who organized the salt march from Tiruchirappalli to Vedaranniyam in Tamil Nadu?
1525. What other activities were observed in Tamil Nadu?
1526. Who organized the Vaikom Satyagraha in Malabar?
1527. What act of defiance occurred at Calicut beach in November 1930?
1528. What types of activities occurred in Andhra Region?
1529. Who led the salt satyagraha in coastal regions of Orissa?
1530. What was the extent of civil disobedience in Assam?
1531. What successful action occurred in Assam in May 1930?
1532. What was the scale of arrests in Bengal during the movement?
1533. What strong movements were observed in Bengal?
1534. Did the movement persist in Bengal despite communal riots?
1535. What activities were observed in Bihar regarding salt satyagraha?
1536. What replaced the salt movement in Bihar due to geographical constraints?
1537. What type of militancy was observed in Hazaribagh (Chhotanagpur) during the movement?
1538. What was the impact of Gandhian influence in Hazaribagh?
1539. Who led protests in Peshawar and what group did he form?
1540. What triggered mass demonstrations in Peshawar on April 23?
1541. What was the status of Peshawar city for a week?
1542. Who led the textile worker strike in Sholapur?
1543. When did the Sholapur strike occur and what happened after Gandhi’s arrest?
1544. What symbols were burned during the Sholapur strike?
1545. What was established in Sholapur that required martial law?
1546. Who led the Dharasana Salt Works raid?
1547. When did the Dharasana Salt Works raid occur and what was its outcome?
1548. What type of campaign was observed in Gujarat?
1549. What action did villagers take in Gujarat to avoid repression?
1550. What type of defiance was observed in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Central Provinces?
1551. What was the outcome of forest law defiance in these regions?
1552. What type of campaign was observed in United Provinces?
1553. When did activity accelerate in United Provinces?
1554. Who led the banner of revolt in Manipur and Nagaland?
1555. What did Rani Gaidinliu urge people to do?
1556. How did the Civil Disobedience Movement impact foreign imports and government revenue?
1557. What happened to Legislative Assembly elections during the movement?
1558. How did women participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
1559. What was the role of students and youth in the movement?
1560. How did Muslim participation compare to the 1920-22 movement?
1561. What groups participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
1562. What was the regional variation in participation in the movement?
1563. What dilemma did the government face during the movement?
1564. What happened to civil liberties and Congress organizations?
1565. What was the impact of violence on protesters?
1566. What was proposed by the Viceroy in July 1930?
1567. What happened in August 1930 regarding Nehru and Gandhi?
1568. What happened to the talks over demands?
1569. What was the demand regarding secession from Britain?
1570. What was demanded regarding national government control?
1571. What was demanded regarding Britain’s financial claims?
1572. What was the comparison regarding peasant disappointment after the movement?
1573. What happened to political prisoners after the movement?
1574. What was the stated objective of the Civil Disobedience Movement?
1575. What methods were involved in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
1576. How did the Congress organization compare to previous movements?
1577. What was the participation pattern of intelligentsia?
1578. What was the participation pattern of Muslims?
1579. What was the participation pattern of labor?
1580. What compensated for these participation patterns?
1581. What was the impact metric on imprisonment numbers?
1582. What was Gandhi’s stance on political violence and martyrs?
1583. How was the Delhi Pact received?
1584. What goal did the Karachi Congress Session (1931) reiterate?
1585. What two key resolutions were adopted at the Karachi Congress Session?
1586. What were the provisions of the Fundamental Rights Resolution?
1587. What were the provisions of the National Economic Programme?
1588. Who were the major participants in the First Round Table Conference (Nov 1930 - Jan 1931)?
1589. Who were the women participants in the First Round Table Conference?
1590. What was the political context of the First Round Table Conference?
1591. What were the key events of the First Round Table Conference?
1592. What was the outcome of the First Round Table Conference?
1593. Who were the major participants in the Second Round Table Conference (Sep 7 - Dec 1, 1931)?
1594. Who were the women participants in the Second Round Table Conference?
1595. What was the political context of the Second Round Table Conference?
1596. What were the key events of the Second Round Table Conference?
1597. What was the outcome of the Second Round Table Conference?
1598. Who were the major participants in the Third Round Table Conference (Nov 17 - Dec 24, 1932)?
1599. Who were the women participants in the Third Round Table Conference?
1600. What was the political context of the Third Round Table Conference?
1601. What were the key events of the Third Round Table Conference?
1602. What was the outcome of the Third Round Table Conference?
1603. What happened in 1931 regarding civil disobedience?
1604. What was the situation in United Provinces during the truce period (March-December 1931)?
1605. What happened in NWFP during the truce period?
1606. What was the situation in Bengal during the truce period?
1607. What incident occurred in September 1931?
1608. How did the government’s attitude change after the Second RTC regarding Gandhi?
1609. What was the government’s aim regarding confidence among functionaries and loyalists?
1610. What was the government’s strategy regarding rural consolidation?
1611. What happened on December 31, 1931 regarding the Viceroy and Gandhi?
1612. When was Gandhi arrested after the truce period?
1613. What measure was imposed by the government to suppress the movement?
1614. What happened to Congress organizations, activists, and properties?
1615. How were women targeted and what happened to press and literature?
1616. How many Satyagrahis were jailed in the first four months?
1617. What forms did protests take?
1618. What was the outcome of the movement regarding leaders and masses?
1619. When did Gandhi withdraw the movement and why?
1620. When and by whom was the Communal Award announced?
1621. What were the electoral provisions of the Communal Award?
1622. How were provincial legislature seats distributed?
1623. What was the impact on existing provincial legislature seats?
1624. What was granted to Muslims in minority areas?
1625. What was the status of depressed classes under the Communal Award?
1626. What was the special representation allocation for women?
1627. What were the specific seat allocations for laborers, landlords, and traders?
1628. How many seats were allocated for Marathas in Bombay province?
1629. What was Congress’s stand on separate electorates?
1630. Did Congress accept or reject the Award?
1631. How did Gandhi view the Communal Award?
1632. What was Gandhi’s argument regarding separate political entity for depressed classes?
1633. What was Gandhi’s concern about separate electorates for untouchables?
1634. What did Gandhi demand for depressed classes’ election?
1635. When did Gandhi start an indefinite fast regarding the Communal Award?
1636. Who negotiated the compromise in the Poona Pact?
1637. What was the main agreement signed in the Poona Pact?
1638. How many reserved seats were increased under the Poona Pact?
1639. Did the government accept the Poona Pact?
1640. What did the All India Scheduled Caste Federation allege about the 1935 joint electorates?
1641. What was the concern about the Hindu majority regarding scheduled caste members?
1642. What did the Federation demand regarding separate electorates?
1643. What was Gandhi’s philosophy on caste regarding untouchability?
1644. How did Gandhi’s view on caste differ from Ambedkar’s call?
1645. What did Gandhi advocate for caste Hindus?
1646. What was Gandhi’s preferred method for caste reform?
1647. How did Gandhi envision caste relations?
1648. What did Gandhi include in Harijan self-improvement?
1649. What was Ambedkar’s core philosophy regarding empowerment and caste system?
1650. What was Gandhi’s core philosophy regarding social and spiritual transformation?
1651. What were Ambedkar’s main methods for reform?
1652. What were Gandhi’s main methods for reform?
1653. What was Ambedkar’s view on caste?
1654. What was Gandhi’s view on caste?
1655. What was Ambedkar’s electoral approach regarding separate electorates?
1656. What was Gandhi’s electoral approach regarding separate electorates?
1657. What was Ambedkar’s economic vision for India?
1658. What was Gandhi’s economic vision for India?
1659. What was Ambedkar’s religious stance?
1660. What was Gandhi’s religious stance?
1661. How did Ambedkar approach mass mobilization?
1662. How did Gandhi approach mass mobilization?
1663. What was Ambedkar’s legacy regarding modern Dalit movements?
1664. What was Gandhi’s legacy regarding social reform movements and Dalit political mobilization?
1665. What was Ambedkar’s approach to education?
1666. What was Gandhi’s approach to education?
1667. What were the common aspects in the approaches of Ambedkar and Gandhi?
1668. What was the two-stage debate about after the Civil Disobedience Movement?
1669. What were the three perspectives in the first stage debate regarding future strategy?
1670. What did Nehru advocate in opposition to the Struggle-Truce-Struggle Strategy?
1671. What strategy did Nehru propose?
1672. What was the outcome of the debate regarding council entry?
1673. What hindrances did the Governor General’s safeguards and special responsibilities create?
1674. What powers did the Governor retain under the GOI Act 1935?
1675. What was the extent of franchise under the GOI Act 1935?
1676. How did communal electorates impact separatism?
1677. What was the nature of the constitution under GOI Act 1935 regarding amendment rights?
1678. What was the short-term British strategy regarding the movement?
1679. What was the long-term British strategy?
1680. What was the aim of the reforms regarding political standing of constitutional liberals?
1681. What was the aim regarding Congressmen and extra-legal struggle?
1682. What was the aim regarding dissensions within Congress?
1683. How would provincial autonomy affect central leadership?
1684. What was the nationalists’ response to the GOI Act 1935?
1685. What did Congress demand regarding the Constituent Assembly?
1686. When were provincial elections announced?
1687. What resumed during the second stage debate regarding strategy?
1688. What emerged regarding ideological divisions?
1689. What was Gandhi’s initial position on office acceptance?
1690. When was Gandhi willing to give trial to Congress ministries?
1691. What was the decision at Lucknow (1936) and Faizpur (1937) sessions?
1692. What was the Congress resolution regarding the constitution?
1693. What was the voter participation in February 1937 elections?
1694. How many seats did Congress win and in how many provinces?
1695. What was the outcome for the nationalist strategy?
1696. In which provinces were Congress ministries formed?
1697. What was Gandhi’s advice regarding holding offices?
1699. What was the impact of ministries on Congress prestige?
1700. What reforms were introduced regarding civil liberties?
1701. What were the Harijan welfare initiatives?
1702. What was the focus of education and public health reforms?
1703. What economic development initiatives were taken?
1704. What was established in 1938 for planning development?
1705. What administrative reforms were undertaken?
1706. What extra-parliamentary activities were undertaken?
1707. What were the positive outcomes of Congress rule?
1708. What was disproved by administrative success?
1709. What was provided as a preview of independence?
1710. What were the Congress shortcomings regarding power struggles?
1711. How did Congress shift its alignment regarding capitalists and labor?
1712. What act was passed in 1938 regarding anti-labor measures?
1713. What dilemma did Congress fail to resolve?
1714. What was the struggle regarding governance expectations?
1715. What was the All India Muslim League’s response to Congress rule?
1716. What did the Pirpur Committee document in 1938?
1717. What accusations did the Muslim League make against Congress?
1718. What did the Muslim League claim regarding their marginalization?
1719. What was Gandhi’s concern after civil disobedience about Congress?
1720. What was Gandhi’s view on Congress’s internal reform?
1721. What was Gandhi’s view on the readiness of masses for struggle?
1722. What were Bose’s ideologies regarding Bengal Provincial Congress leadership?
1723. What was Bose’s stance on dominion status and independence?
1724. What pact and execution did Bose reject and protest?
1725. When was Bose elected president at Haripura?
1726. What was Bose’s approach to economic development?
1727. What was Bose’s stance on princely states?
1728. What was the state of Congress internal strife in 1939?
1729. What happened in the presidency election in 1939?
1730. How did Gandhi view Bose’s victory?
1731. What intensified within Congress during this period?
1732. What happened to the Working Committee after Bose’s accusations?
1733. What was the Tripuri Confrontation in 1939?
1734. What did Bose call for in March during the Tripuri Confrontation?
1735. What was Bose’s assessment of Congress strength and international crisis?
1736. What was Gandhi’s stance on the ultimatum?
1737. What was the fundamental ideological divide during the Tripuri Confrontation?
1738. What resolution was passed regarding the Gandhian approach?
1739. What happened to Bose in April 1939?
1740. What new block did Bose form in May 1939?
1741. What happened to Bose in August 1939 regarding his leadership?
1742. What was Gandhi’s vision of Ramrajya based on?
1743. What did Gandhi’s Ramrajya not need?
1744. What was absent from Gandhi’s Ramrajya?
1745. When did Germany attack Poland and Britain declare war?
1746. Did British India’s support for the war require consultation?
1747. What were the two requirements for conditional war support from Congress?
1748. How did Linlithgow respond to Congress’s offer?
1749. How did Linlithgow’s negative response impact Muslim League and Princes?
1750. What did the government refuse to define regarding war aims?
1751. What was the British policy during the war regarding control and emergency powers?
1752. What ordinance restricted civil liberties and when was a draft prepared?
1753. What was the aim of showing Congress as pro-Japan and pro-Germany?
1754. What was Churchill’s stance on Congress?
1755. What was Gandhi’s position on immediate struggle regarding the war?
1756. What did Gandhi advocate before launching a struggle?
1757. What was Linlithgow’s stated goal for British policy in India in 1940?
1758. What was declared about the war in the November 1939 CWC Resolution?
1759. What demands were made in the November 1939 CWC Resolution?
1760. What was the internal disagreement within Congress at the Ramgarh Session (March 1940)?
1761. What did Congress demand at the Ramgarh Session?
1762. What was the stance on civil disobedience at the Ramgarh Session?
1763. What did the Muslim League call for at the Lahore Resolution (March 1940)?
1764. What was proposed in the August Offer (1940)?
1765. What was Congress’s reaction to the August Offer?
1766. What was Muslim League’s reaction to the August Offer?
1767. What was reaffirmed by the Muslim League after the August Offer?
1768. What was the first recognition of Indians’ right to frame a constitution?
1769. What demand was conceded by the August Offer?
1770. What expansion occurred in the Viceroy’s executive council in July 1941?
1771. Who initiated limited civil disobedience against war participation?
1772. What were the aims of Individual Satyagraha?
1773. How many individuals were convicted by May 1941 and what movement did it evolve into?
1774. When were Congress leaders released after Japan’s attack?
1776. Who was designated as Gandhi’s successor?
1777. What were the temperament and development differences between Nehru and Gandhi?
1778. What were the differences in their views on state power?
1779. Why did Gandhi choose Nehru as successor?
1780. How was Nehru viewed by different communities?
1781. When was Stafford Cripps sent to India?
1782. What was Cripps’ political affiliation and stance on Indian national movement?
1783. What external threat made Indian support crucial?
1784. What Allied pressure was put on Britain regarding India?
1785. What did nationalists demand regarding power transfer?
1786. What was the main proposal of the Cripps Mission regarding the Indian Union?
1787. How would the constituent assembly be composed under the Cripps Mission proposals?
1788. What were the conditions for British acceptance of the proposals?
1789. How did the Cripps Mission depart from past policies regarding constitution-making?
1790. What plan was established for the assembly?
1791. What option was given to provinces regarding separation?
1792. Was Commonwealth withdrawal permitted?
1793. What administrative changes were proposed for the interim Indian administration?
1794. Why did Congress reject the Cripps Mission proposals?
1795. Why did the Muslim League oppose the Cripps Mission proposals?
1796. What external factor undermined Cripps’ efforts?
1797. What did Gandhi call the Cripps scheme?
1798. What was the issue with the secession procedure?
1799. What was the outcome of Cripps’ return?
1800. What was framed by Gandhi on July 14, 1942?
1801. What was accepted by the CWC at Wardha?
1802. What was the first reason for starting a struggle in 1942?
1803. What economic hardships existed in 1942?
1804. What British military events emboldened Indians?
1805. What discriminatory policies exposed racial attitudes?
1806. What was the condition of the masses for possible Japanese invasion?
1807. What did Congress authorize Gandhi to lead in 1942?
1808. When and where was the Quit India Resolution ratified?
1809. What did the resolution call for?
1810. Were Gandhi’s instructions officially issued?
1811. What was the instruction for government servants?
1812. What was the instruction for soldiers?
1813. What was the instruction for students?
1814. What was the instruction for peasants?
1815. What was the instruction for princes?
1816. What was the instruction for princely states’ people?
1817. What was Gandhi’s mantra for the movement?
1818. What happened on August 9 regarding Congress leaders and organizations?
1819. Who presided over the Congress committee session and what was hoisted?
1820. What symbols of authority and infrastructure were targeted by the public?
1821. Where was the movement strongest?
1822. Who led the protests in these regions?
1823. Who supported the underground activity?
1824. When and where did the Ballia parallel government emerge?
1825. What were the key activities of the Ballia parallel government?
Midnapore parallel government exist?
1829. When and where did the Satara parallel government exist?
1830. Who led the Satara government?
1831. What were the key activities of the Satara parallel government?
1832. What was the participation of youth in the movement?
1833. Who were the active women participants?
1834. What was the role of workers in the movement?
1835. What was the role of peasants in the movement?
1836. What was the participation of lower-level government officials and administrators?
1837. What was the stance of Muslims and Communists during the movement?
1838. What was the stance of the Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha?
1839. What was the response of princely states?
1840. What were the severe measures taken by the government during repression?
1841. How was the press affected by repression?
1842. What punitive actions were taken against villages?
1843. What was the estimated spread of violence during the movement?
1844. Who formed the backbone of the movement?
1845. What was established regarding India’s rule without Indians’ consent?
1846. What was placed as an immediate agenda?
1847. When did Gandhi undertake a fast against state violence?
1848. What happened to three council members during Gandhi’s fast?
1849. What was the impact of Gandhi’s fast on morale and government brutality?
1850. When was Pakistan Day observed?
1851. How many people died during the Bengal famine of 1943?
1852. What were the causes of the Bengal famine?
1853. What did C.R. Rajagopalachari propose in his formula (1944)?
1854. What were the provisions of the Rajagopalachari Formula?
1855. What was Jinnah’s response to the Rajagopalachari Formula?
1856. What was Congress’s position on the Rajagopalachari Formula?
1857. What was the Hindu leaders’ response to the Rajagopalachari Formula?
1858. What interim government proposal was made by Desai and Liaqat?
1859. What representation was proposed in the Desai-Liaqat Pact?
1860. What was the outcome of the Desai-Liaqat Pact?
1861. What did the Churchill government seek in 1945 regarding India?
1862. What were the government’s motivations for the Wavell Plan?
1863. What were the main provisions of the Wavell Plan?
1864. What was the Muslim League’s stand on the Wavell Plan?
1865. What did the Muslim League insist on regarding nominations?
1866. What was Wavell’s mistake during the talks?
1867. What was Subhas Bose’s background before joining the freedom struggle?
1868. What was Bose’s stance on Gandhi’s non-violence?
1869. What conference did Bose organize in March 1940?
1871. When did Bose escape British custody?
1872. Who did Bose meet in Germany and what was formed?
1873. What did Bose establish in Berlin and what slogan did he coin?
1874. When did Bose reach Japan and what command did he take?
1875. Who created the initial INA army and where?
1876. How many men were recruited by the end of 1942 for INA?
1877. What led to Mohan Singh’s arrest?
1878. When did Subhas Bose assume INA leadership?
1879. What was formed in Singapore in October 1943?
1880. What declarations were made by the Provisional Government?
1881. What women’s regiment was created?
1882. When was INA headquarters shifted to Rangoon?
1883. What was the war cry from Rangoon?
1884. When did INA cross the Burma border?
1885. Where was the INA flag hoisted on Indian mainland?
1886. What ended liberation hopes in May 1944?
1887. What did Bose address Gandhi as in July 1944?
1888. What happened to Japan and INA in August 1945?
1889. What happened to Bose on August 18, 1945?
1890. What sparked a popular defense movement in India?
1891. What was the nature of negotiations between government, Congress, and Muslim League?
1892. What were the militant mass actions observed?
1893. What was the platform for elections in Winter 1945-1946?
1894. What was the impact of the Red Fort trials of INA officers in November 1945?
1895. What was the British error in the trials?
1896. How did using Indian troops in Southeast Asia affect anti-colonial sentiment?
1897. When did Congress officially back INA?
1898. Who organized the defense for INA prisoners?
1899. What support did the INA Relief and Enquiry Committee provide?
1901. How did the INA movement spread?
1902. Who showed sympathy for the INA cause?
1903. How was the INA issue transformed?
1904. What conflict was reframed as “Indian versus British”?
1905. What event marked the end of British Rule?
1906. What was the significance of the three upsurges?
1907. What concessions were made by the British regarding INA trials?
1908. What troop withdrawals were made by the British?
1909. What mission was initiated by the British after these upsurges?
1910. What were the limitations of these upsurges?
1911. What was the nature of communal cooperation during the upsurges?
1912. How effective were British repression capabilities during the upsurges?
1913. What was Congress’s strategy regarding official support for the upsurges?
1914. How did Gandhi view the mutiny?
1915. What was Congress’s performance in the elections regarding non-Muslim votes?
1916. How many provinces did Congress win a majority in?
1917. What was the Muslim League’s performance in the elections?
1918. What did the Muslim League establish itself as?
1919. What did the elections show about communal voting and franchise?
1920. Who formed the coalition in Punjab?
1921. When was the three-member Cabinet Mission sent to India?
1922. Who were the members of the Cabinet Mission?
1923. What indicated that British withdrawal was imminent after the war?
1924. What did Congress want regarding central power transfer?
1925. What was Britain’s preference for India’s future status?
1926. What was Britain’s policy shift in 1946?
1927. What did Attlee reject regarding minorities?
1928. When did the Cabinet Mission arrive in Delhi?
1929. What was the Cabinet Mission’s plan after the Congress-League deadlock?
1930. What was the reason for rejecting Pakistan as proposed by the Mission?
1931. What were the three sections of the proposed structure?
1932. What was the governance structure proposed by the Mission?
1933. What was the composition of the Constituent Assembly proposed by the Mission?
1934. How would the sections A, B, C decide on the constitution?
1935. What was the federal structure proposed by the Mission regarding central powers?
1936. What autonomy was given to provinces and their option for grouping?
1937. What was the status of princely states under the Mission’s proposal?
1938. What was Congress’s interpretation of grouping?
1939. What was the Muslim League’s interpretation of grouping?
1940. What were Congress’s main objections to the Mission Plan?
1941. What were the Muslim League’s main objections to the Mission Plan?
1942. When did the Muslim League accept the plan?
1943. When did Congress accept the plan?
1944. What happened in July 1946 regarding provincial assembly elections?
1945. What did Nehru declare on July 10, 1946 regarding the Constituent Assembly?
1946. What action did the League take on July 29, 1946?
1947. What was Wavell’s Breakdown Plan in May 1946?
1948. What did Wavell’s plan reveal about British ability to suppress Congress rebellion?
1949. What did some officials intend to create regarding Pakistan?
1950. What happened to Wavell’s plan eventually?
1951. What communal violence occurred on August 16, 1946?
1952. What was Wavell’s stance on Congress inclusion in government?
1953. How did British rule demand different stances?
1954. When was the Congress-led government formed under Nehru?
1955. When did the League join the Interim Government?
1956. How many ministers served in the Interim Government?
1957. Who were the key ministers in the Interim Government?
1958. What was the Muslim League’s action regarding the Constituent Assembly in 1946?
1959. What did the Muslim League refuse regarding cabinet cooperation?
1960. How did the Muslim League use its government position?
1961. What crisis erupted in February 1947?
1962. What was the peak of the crisis?
1963. When did communalism emerge in India?
1964. What was the core ideology of communalism?
1965. What were the three stages of communalism?
1966. Describe Communal Nationalism.
1967. Describe Liberal Communalism.
1968. Describe Extreme Communalism.
1969. What global phenomena parallel Indian communalism?
1970. What was the origin of communalism in the colonial era?
1971. How did middle classes contribute to communalism?
1972. How did colonial administration support communalists?
1973. How were socio-economic distinctions reinforced?
1974. How was economic competition transformed into religious antagonism?
1975. What was stronger than religious bonds among Bengalis?
1976. What was the status of both Hindus and Muslims regarding oppression?
1977. How did Hindus adapt to modern education and economy?
1978. How did Muslims adapt to modern education and economy?
1979. What was the state of industrial development in British India?
1980. How did the British use this to fuel communal resentment?
1981. What was the British attitude towards Muslims before the 1870s?
1982. What was the British attitude towards Muslims after the 1870s?
1983. How did imperialist and Indian historians divide Indian history?
1984. What did historians ignore in their focus on religious considerations?
1985. What was the nature of the Wahabi (Muslim) and Shuddhi (Hindu) movements?
1986. How did religion become vulnerable to communalism?
1987. How did reforms sometimes affect communities?
1988. What was the aim of early nationalists regarding minority fears?
1989. What was Naoroji’s stance on socio-religious issues in Congress forums in 1886?
1990. What did Congress avoid in 1889?
1991. How did Hindu nationalism emerge later?
1992. How did Aurobindo’s vision alienate Muslims?
1993. What communal elements were visible in the Lucknow Pact (1916)?
1994. What role did the Khilafat agitation (1920-1922) play in creating Congress divisions?
1995. What was the nature of Muslim support for Turkey?
1996. What linked Muslim cultural traditions?
1997. What was the initial clash of Muslim cultural traditions?
1998. How did Muslim cultural traditions evolve later?
1999. When did Hindu elites begin expressing anti-Muslim sentiments?
2000. What narrative was fabricated by the British?
2001. How was Hindi positioned by the British?
2002. When and why was Punjab Hindu Sabha formed?
2003. When was All-India Hindu Mahasabha established?
2005. How did Hindu communalism compare to Muslim communalism initially?
2006. What undermined anti-communal efforts?
2008. What was Syed Ahmed Khan’s stance on Congress?
2009. What was the Shimla delegation led by Agha Khan in 1906 about?
2010. What organization was founded by Agha Khan and Nawab Salimullah of Dacca in 1906?
2011. What was the aim of the Muslim League regarding loyalty to the British?
2012. What was awarded under Morley-Minto Reforms in 1909?
2013. When did Congress accept the Muslim League’s demand for separate electorates?
2015. What communal divisions grew during the 1920s?
2016. What movements did Muslims start in the 1920s?
2017. Did Muslims participate in the Non-Cooperation movement?
2018. What was the Muslim hardliners’ response to the Nehru Report (1928)?
2019. What proposals did Jinnah make in 1928?
2020. What mistakes did Congress make regarding the League?
2021. What was the extent of Muslim participation in Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34)?
2022. What happened regarding the Communal Award in 1932?
2023. How did the Muslim League’s strategy change after poor election performance in 1937?
2024. What did the Muslim League promote after 1937?
2025. What was Jinnah’s action in 1937-39 regarding conciliation?
2026. What demand did the League make regarding its representation?
2027. When was the “Pakistan Resolution” passed and where?
2028. What power did the British give the Muslim League during the WWII period?
2029. What did the League demand throughout negotiations?
2030. What happened in 1947 regarding Pakistan?
2031. What was the Attlee’s Statement of February 20, 1947, about?
2032. What was the deadline for power transfer in Attlee’s Statement?
2033. To whom would power be transferred according to Attlee’s Statement?
2034. What would happen to British powers over princely states?
2036. What did Attlee’s statement suggest regarding partition?
2037. What was the intent behind fixing a date for withdrawal?
2038. What did Congress accept regarding power centers?
2039. What action did the Muslim League launch after Attlee’s statement?
2040. What made partition increasingly acceptable?
2041. What was Nehru’s preference in March 1947?
2042. What did Kripalani (Congress president) indicate in April 1947?
2043. How did Mountbatten move during his viceroyalty?
2044. What did Mountbatten find about the Cabinet Mission Plan and Jinnah’s stance?
2045. Whom did Mountbatten support?
2046. What formula was widely accepted before the Mountbatten Plan announcement?
2047. What was the immediate power transfer based on the Mountbatten Plan?
2048. What were the main points of the Mountbatten Plan regarding legislative assemblies?
2049. What would trigger provincial partition?
2050. What would partition create?
2051. What was Sindh’s decision under the Mountbatten Plan?
2052. What concessions did Congress make regarding princely states?
2053. What was the Congress concession regarding Bengal and Hyderabad?
2054. What was the deadline for freedom and boundary commission if partition elected?
2055. How were the Muslim League’s demands met by the Mountbatten Plan?
2056. Why did Congress accept dominion status?
2057. What continuity did Congress acceptance provide?
2058. What was the temporary status of India after accepting dominion status?
2059. What was the reason for immediate implementation on August 15, 1947?
2061. What determined Sylhet and NWFP’s inclusion in Pakistan?
2062. Which provinces joined Pakistan?
2063. When was the British Parliament Act passed and implemented?
2064. What did the Indian Independence Act create?
2065. What existing bodies were dissolved by the Act?
2066. What was Mountbatten’s alternative to the Cabinet Mission Plan?
2067. What option was offered to provinces in Mountbatten’s alternative?
2068. Was Mountbatten’s alternative plan accepted?
2069. Who became the first Governor General of India and Pakistan?
2070. What were the problems of early withdrawal identified?
2071. What was the conflict regarding leadership?
2072. What was the impact of the Boundary Commission results?
2073. What did the State People’s Movement demand?
2074. What did Nehru do in 1945 and 1947 regarding princely states?
2075. How did Patel manage integration of states?
2076. What happened in Phase I of state integration?
2077. What happened in Phase II of state integration?
2078. What incentives did princes receive?
2079. What was Patel’s achievement in state integration?
2080. What was accepted by the Cripps Mission in 1942 regarding Muslim provinces?
2081. What did Gandhi recognize in 1944?
2082. What did the Cabinet Mission Plan allow in 1946?
2083. What did CWC acknowledge in March 1947?
2084. What was Gandhi’s stance on partition?
2085. What was the role of the East India Company from 1600-1765?
2086. What was the nature of constitutional changes from 1773-1858?
2087. What was the evolution of the East India Company’s commercial system?
2088. How was the “civil service” initially distinguished?
2089. How did civil servants gain authority over time?
2090. What was Cornwallis’s role (1786-93)?
2091. What was Wellesley’s role regarding Fort William College?
2092. What replaced Fort William College in 1806?
2093. What did the Charter Act of 1793 (Modern History W1D1) reserve regarding posts?
2094. What did the Charter Act of 1833 theoretically open?
2095. Were the relevant provisions of the Charter Act of 1833 implemented?
2096. What did the Charter Act of 1853 end and introduce regarding recruitment?
2097. Were Indians allowed in high posts under the Charter Act of 1853?
2099. Where were examinations held and in what language?
2100. What was the basis of the examinations?
2101. How did the maximum age for ICS change?
2102. Who was the first Indian to qualify for ICS?
2103. What was Lytton’s system for Statutory Civil Service (1878-1879)?
2104. What were Congress’s demands regarding ICS recruitment?
2105. What were the recommendations of the Aitchison Committee on Public Services (1886)?
2106. What was recommended for the age limit for ICS?
2107. Was the resolution for simultaneous examination passed in 1893 implemented?
2108. What was established by the Government of India Act 1919 regarding public service?
2109. What was recommended for simultaneous examinations and recruitment from India?
2110. What was the Lee Commission (1924) about?
2111. What was the immediate establishment under the 1919 Act?
2112. What did the Government of India Act 1935 recommend regarding public service commissions?
2113. How was control and authority maintained under British rule?
2114. Were Indians included in law and policy-making bodies?
2115. How was European dominance maintained in ICS?
2116. What positions did Europeans monopolize?
2117. What happened after 1918 regarding Indianization?
2118. What was the function of Indian civil servants?
2119. What was the pre-colonial police system like?
2120. How was law enforcement handled in villages and cities?
2121. Who were the revenue collectors in the Mughal system?
2122. What was the role of zamindars during the dual rule period (1765-1772) regarding thana staff?
2123. What did the British abolish in 1770?
2124. What did Hastings restore in 1774?
2125. What formal system was established in 1775?
2126. What reforms did Cornwallis introduce to the thana system in 1791?
2127. What was Mayo’s appointment in 1808?
2128. What happened to darogas everywhere except Bengal in 1814?
2129. What was Lord William Bentinck’s action regarding the SP office?
2130. When was the Indian Police Act established?
2131. What was the system of police and village watchmen like after 1861?
2132. What were the hierarchy positions in the police system?
2133. What did the Police Commission under Sir Andrew Frazer recommend in 1902-1903?
2134. What was established as a central intelligence agency?
2135. What provincial units were created?
2136. How was CID divided in 1929?
2137. How did the police evolve and what was its public trust status?
2138. What were the two forces before 1857?
2139. What was the purpose of military reorganization after 1857?
2140. For what purpose was the Indian Army created?
2141. What was the role of the British Section of the army?
2142. How was European dominance ensured in the army?
2143. What positions did Europeans monopolize in the army?
2144. When were Indians allowed commissioned ranks?
2145. What was the target for Indian officers by 1952?
2146. How was military control maintained?
2147. What was the “martial races” ideology?
2148. Which groups were considered “non-martial races”?
2149. How were regiments structured to prevent unity?
2150. How were soldiers isolated from nationalist influences?
2151. What was the result of British military policy?
2152. What was the judicial system like in pre-colonial India?
2153. How was Hindu litigation decided?
2154. How was Muslim litigation decided?
2155. When did the common law system start in India and where?
2156. What was the applicable law in criminal cases during Warren Hastings’ reforms (1772-85)?
2157. Why was Muslim law used in criminal cases?
2158. What was the court hierarchy established during Warren Hastings’ reforms?
2159. What was the applicable law in District Diwani Adalats?
2160. Who administered the District Diwani Adalats?
2161. What was the appellate authority for District Diwani Adalats?
2162. Who administered the District Fauzadari Adalats?
2163. What was the appellate authority for District Fauzadari Adalats?
2164. Who were the appellate leadership for Sadar Diwani Adalat and Sadar Nizamat Adalat?
2165. What did the Regulating Act 1773 establish?
2166. What happened to Fauzdari Courts under Cornwallis’s reforms (1786-93)?
2167. What replaced Fauzdari Courts?
2168. Who were the judges in Circuit courts?
2169. What was the court of appeal for civil and criminal cases?
2170. What happened to Sadar Nizamat Adalat under Cornwallis’s reforms?
2171. What was the status of District Diwani Adalat under Cornwallis’s reforms?
2172. What was the role of the Collector under Cornwallis’s reforms?
2173. What was the court hierarchy established by Cornwallis’s reforms?
2174. What were the lowest courts under Cornwallis’s system?
2175. What were the next levels of courts in the hierarchy?
2176. What was the highest court for appeals in India?
2177. What was the final appellate authority?
2178. What was the key principle established by Cornwallis’s Code?
2179. What was the impact of Cornwallis’s Code on Europeans?
2180. What did the Cornwallis Code establish as a guiding principle?
2181. What happened to Circuit Courts under William Bentinck’s reforms (1828-33)?
2182. Where were Sadar Diwani and Sadar Nizamat Adalat established?
2183. What language changes occurred in lower courts and Supreme Court?
2184. What was the Law Commission’s contribution in 1833?
2185. What special privileges did Europeans lose in 1860?
2186. What mergers occurred in 1865 regarding Supreme Court and Sadar Adalats?
2187. When was the Federal Court established and for what purpose?
2188. What was the positive impact of judicial reforms?
2189. What were the negative aspects of the judicial system?
2190. What motivated major changes in administrative structure after 1857?
2191. What was the global context in the late 19th century that influenced British supremacy?
2192. What were the British investments in India primarily for?
2193. What was the colonial priority regarding economic interests?
2194. What policies did viceroys like Lytton and Curzon implement?
2195. What change occurred in the central government structure after 1858?
2196. What was the power structure in the central government?
2197. What was the final authority in the central government?
2198. What did the Indian Council Act 1861 add to the Executive Council?
2199. What were the limitations of the Legislative Council?
2200. Who were the Indian members in the Legislative Council?
2201. How was British control maintained through the Secretary of State?
2202. What was the primary method of decentralisation in provincial government?
2203. What were the motives for decentralization?
2204. How were local bodies financed?
2205. When were initial local bodies formed?
2206. Who were the nominated members under?
2207. What did Mayo’s Resolution (1870) authorize provincial governments to do?
2208. What services were transferred to provincial control?
2209. What was emphasized for fund management?
2210. What did Ripon’s Resolution (1882) aim for?
2211. What was the dual purpose of local bodies under Ripon’s Resolution?
2213. What was required for non-official majorities?
2214. Who were appointed as chairpersons for local bodies?
2215. What was the limit on official interference?
2216. What was required for major financial decisions?
2217. What were the implementation limitations of the decentralization reforms?
2218. What were the official views on the Decentralisation Commission in 1915?
2219. What did the resolution in 1918 call for?
2220. What happened to local self-government under the Government of India Act 1919?
2221. What was the status of finance under the Government of India Act 1919?
2222. What did the Simon Commission (1930) note about panchayat progress?
2223. What happened to finance under the Government of India Act 1935?
2224. What was the demarcation of taxation like from 1919 to post-1935?
2225. What new restrictions did provincial governments impose?
2226. What was directed for the Constitution of Free India regarding panchayats?
2227. What amendments addressed structural loopholes in local governance?
2228. How did British administrative policies change after 1857?
2229. How did British policy create divisions across society?
2230. What was the British attitude towards Muslims after 1857?
2231. How did British policy exploit competition?
2232. How did British policy relate to nationalist leadership?
2233. What was the British attitude towards advocates of modern education?
2234. How did the British ally with reactionary elites?
2235. What happened to confiscated lands of Awadh taluqdars?
2236. What interests did the British protect regarding landlords?
2237. What was withdrawn regarding reform support?
2238. What was encouraged in society by British policy?
2239. When was the first commission appointed to investigate factory conditions?
2240. What did the Indian Factory Act of 1881 address?
2241. What improvements did the Indian Factory Act of 1891 bring?
2242. Were tea and coffee plantations covered by these acts?
2243. How were laborers treated in plantations?
2244. What was the “breach of contract” in labor laws?
2245. How did nationalists use the press?
2246. When were press restrictions lifted by Metcalfe?
2247. When were press restrictions reimposed by Lytton?
2248. When was the Vernacular Press Act repealed and why?
2249. How were Indians systematically excluded from higher positions?
2250. How was racial superiority maintained?
2251. What did Elgin state about British control?
2252. What was Hastings’ System of revenue?
2253. What was the overall impact of British Land Revenue Systems on cultivators?
2254. How was the village structure impacted by British land revenue?
2255. How was the social fabric impacted?
2256. How were traditional systems impacted?
2257. How was the economy impacted by British land revenue?
2258. How did British land revenue impact politics?
2259. What patterns were created in land ownership?
2260. What was the impact on agriculture due to high revenue demands?
2261. What were the schools of thought on Indian Renaissance?
2262. How was Christianity viewed by missionaries?
2263. What did missionaries seek to spread?
2264. What did missionaries support regarding science and British supremacy?
2265. What business support did missionaries seek?
2266. What happened after 1858 regarding British modernization policy?
2267. What did Indians embrace and demand?
2268. With whom did the British ally and what did they encourage?
2269. How were states used by the British?
2270. What policy was abandoned in 1857?
2271. What rights were protected for princely states?
2272. What ended the fiction of states’ equality in 1876?
2273. How was paramountcy exercised?
2274. How did modern infrastructure facilitate British control?
2275. What administrative institutions were introduced to counter nationalism?
2276. How did imperial interests cause conflicts with neighbors?
2277. What did these conflicts lead to?
2278. What was the cost of these conflicts to India?
2279. What was stipulated by the Charter Act 1813 regarding trade?
2280. What was the tariff situation for Indian products after 1820?
2281. How did the rail network affect European products?
2282. What was India’s trade status after British rule?
2283. What was the industrial status of Europe and India?
2284. What was the impact of deindustrialisation on cities?
2285. How did deindustrialisation affect artisans and agriculture?
2286. What was the Permanent Settlement’s impact on tenant insecurity?
2287. How did zamindars exploit peasants?
2288. How were peasants affected by moneylenders?
2289. What was the “triple burden” on peasants?
2290. What happened to half of Bengal’s land in 1815?
2291. What was the behavior of new zamindars?
2292. Was there investment in agricultural improvements?
2293. What was the impact on cultivators’ incentives and government support?
2294. What was the impact of land fragmentation?
2295. What was the primary cause of famines?
2296. What was the death toll from famines between 1857-1900?
2297. How did agriculture shift in the late 19th century?
2299. Who owned the plantation sector?
2300. What factors encouraged commercialization?
2301. How did forced commercialization impact peasants?
2302. What happened during the cotton boom of the 1860s?
2303. How much did cultivators benefit from commercialization?
2304. What was the effect of economic drain on productive capital?
2305. How was the drain estimated?
2306. What were the three overlapping stages of imperialism identified by Rajni Palme Dutt?
2307. How did colonial exploitation patterns evolve?
2308. What was the Economic Policy and Primary Objective of the First Stage (1757-1813)?
2309. What was the Trade Pattern of the First Stage (1757-1813)?
2310. What were the Administrative Changes in the First Stage (1757-1813)?
2311. What was the Industrial Development in the First Stage (1757-1813)?
2312. What was the Agricultural System in the First Stage (1757-1813)?
Social Changes in the First Stage (1757-1813)?
2314. What was the Education status in the First Stage (1757-1813)?
2315. What was the Infrastructure status in the First Stage (1757-1813)?
2316. What was the Ideological Justification of the First Stage (1757-1813)?
2317. What were the Miscellaneous aspects of the First Stage (1757-1813)?
2318. What was the Economic Policy and Primary Objective of the Second Stage (1813-1860s)?
2319. What was the Trade Pattern of the Second Stage (1813-1860s)?
2320. What were the Administrative Changes in the Second Stage (1813-1860s)?
2321. What was the Industrial Development in the Second Stage (1813-1860s)?
2322. What was the Agricultural System in the Second Stage (1813-1860s)?
Social Changes in the Second Stage (1813-1860s)?
2324. What was the Education status in the Second Stage (1813-1860s)?
2325. What was the Infrastructure status in the Second Stage (1813-1860s)?
2326. What was the Ideological Justification of the Second Stage (1813-1860s)?
2327. What were the Miscellaneous aspects of the Second Stage (1813-1860s)?
2328. What was the Economic Policy and Primary Objective of the Third Stage (1860s onwards)?
2329. What was the Trade Pattern of the Third Stage (1860s onwards)?
2330. What were the Administrative Changes in the Third Stage (1860s onwards)?
2331. What was the Industrial Development in the Third Stage (1860s onwards)?
2332. What was the Agricultural System in the Third Stage (1860s onwards)?
Social Changes in the Third Stage (1860s onwards)?
2334. What was the Infrastructure status in the Third Stage (1860s onwards)?
2335. What was the Ideological Justification of the Third Stage (1860s onwards)?
2336. What were the Miscellaneous aspects of the Third Stage (1860s onwards)?
2337. Who started the first Indian newspaper and when?
2338. What happened to Hickey’s newspaper in 1782?
2339. Name some early papers published in India.
2340. Why did the Company fear exposure of its misdeeds?
2341. What did Lord Wellesley enact to curb press freedom?
2342. What restrictions were imposed by the Censorship of Press Act 1799?
2343. What happened to press restrictions under Lord Hastings?
2344. When was pre-censorship dispensed with?
2345. What were the provisions of the Licensing Regulations, 1823?
2346. What was the fate of Rammohan Roy’s Mirat-ul-Akbar?
2347. Who repealed the 1823 ordinance in 1835?
2348. What title did Metcalfe earn?
2349. What were the requirements of the Press Act of 1835?
2350. What was the result of Metcalfe’s liberal press policy?
2351. When was the Licensing Act, 1857, imposed?
2352. What restrictions were added by the Licensing Act, 1857?
2353. What power did the government reserve under the Licensing Act, 1857?
2354. What act did the Registration Act, 1867, replace?
2355. What was the nature of the Registration Act, 1867?
2356. What were the requirements of the Registration Act, 1867?
2357. Who protested press restrictions in 1824?
2358. What was the role of the press from 1870-1918?
2359. What were the major newspapers of the time?
2360. Name some regional newspapers.
2361. What was the Vernacular Press Act, 1878, nicknamed?
2362. What racial divide existed after 1857?
2363. What was the target of the Vernacular Press Act?
2364. What were the provisions of the Vernacular Press Act regarding press control?
2365. Which newspapers were targeted by the Vernacular Press Act?
2366. How did Amrita Bazar Patrika avoid restrictions?
2367. When and by whom was the Vernacular Press Act repealed?
2368. Who was the first imprisoned Indian journalist and when?
2369. How did Bal Gangadhar Tilak fight for press freedom?
2370. What campaigns did Tilak organize in 1896-1897?
2371. What happened in Poona in 1897 that led to Tilak’s imprisonment?
2372. What was the outcome of Tilak’s imprisonment?
2373. What amendment was made to the Penal Code in 1898?
2374. How did the Swadeshi Movement impact nationalist press activity?
2375. What was the Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act, 1908, about?
2376. What act revived features of the Vernacular Press Act, 1878?
2377. What were the requirements of the Indian Press Act 1910?
2378. What was the impact of the Indian Press Act 1910 on newspapers?
2379. What restrictions were imposed on political criticism during WWI?
2381. What did the Indian Press (Emergency Power) Act, 1931, authorize?
2382. What was the Company’s interest in education for the first 60 years?
2383. When and for what purpose was Calcutta Madrasah established?
2384. When and for what purpose was Sanskrit College established?
2385. When and for what purpose was Fort William College established?
2386. What did missionaries and enlightened Indians advocate regarding education?
2387. What was the first official recognition of educating Indians in modern sciences?
2388. How much money was sanctioned by the Charter Act of 1813 for education?
2389. When and by whom was Calcutta College established?
2390. What were the two opposing views in the Orientalist-Anglicist Controversy?
2391. What was the impact of limited resources on implementation?
2392. Who was favored by Lord Macaulay’s Minute (1835)?
2393. What did Lord Macaulay advocate as the medium of instruction?
2394. What theory was established by Lord Macaulay?
2395. What was the aim of the Downward Filtration Theory?
2396. What did Thomson’s efforts (1843-53) develop?
2397. What was the focus of Thomson’s efforts?
2398. What was Wood’s Despatch (1854) known as?
2399. What did Wood’s Despatch ask the government to assume responsibility for?
2400. What was the systematised hierarchy of education under British rule?
2401. What were the languages of instruction for higher education and schools?
2402. What was promoted regarding female education and instruction?
2403. How long did Wood’s Despatch dominate education?
2404. When were Universities established at Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras?
2405. When and for what purpose was Bethune School established?
2406. What gradually emerged regarding Indian educational efforts?
2407. What did the W.W. Hunter Commission (1882-83) review?
2408. What did the Hunter Commission recommend for primary education?
2409. What was recommended for control of primary education?
2410. What were the two divisions in secondary education?
2411. What was recommended for female education?
2412. When were Universities established in Punjab and Allahabad?
2413. What did the Raleigh Commission (1902) examine?
2414. What were the provisions of the Indian Universities Act, 1904?
2415. How did Gokhale describe the Indian Universities Act, 1904?
2416. What was the Government Resolution on Education Policy - 1913 about?
2417. What did the Michael Sadler Commission (1917-19) study?
2418. What were the key proposals of the Sadler Commission?
2419. How many new universities were established between 1916 and 1921?
2420. What changes occurred in earlier universities after Sadler Commission implementation?
2421. What increased after Sadler Commission implementation?
2422. What new introductions occurred in education after Sadler Commission?
2423. What did the Government of India Act 1919 transfer to provinces?
2424. What was the government’s role in education after 1919?
2425. What limited expansion in education after 1919?
2426. How did growth in education primarily occur after 1919?
2427. What was the purpose of the Hartog Committee (1929)?
2428. What were the issues in primary education identified by the Hartog Committee?
2429. What were the causes of withdrawal from schools?
2430. What were the recommendations for primary education?
2431. What were the issues in secondary education?
2432. What were the recommendations for secondary education?
2433. What were the issues in higher education?
2434. What were the recommendations for higher education?
2435. What was the importance of female education in women’s education?
2436. What was promoted for girls’ schools?
2437. What was the long-term plan of the Sargent Plan (1944)?
2438. What was the proposal for pre-primary education in the Sargent Plan?
2439. What was the proposal for universal, free education in two stages?
2440. What was the focus of activity-based learning?
2441. What was the proposal for ages 14+?
2442. What was the recommended medium of instruction for ages 14+?
2443. What were the university reforms proposed?
2444. What were the additional initiatives of the Sargent Plan?
2445. How was the Sargent Plan criticized?
2446. What was the status of vernacular education in the early 19th century?
2447. What did William Adam’s reports (1835-38) identify?
2448. What did James Jonathan establish in 1843-53?
2449. What were the provisions of Wood’s Despatch (1854) for vernacular education?
2450. What was the increase in vernacular schools from 1854-71?
2451. What did the Hunter Education Commission (1882-83) advocate?
2452. What happened in 1904 regarding grants for vernacular education?
2453. What did the Hartog Committee report in 1929?
2454. What did Congress ministries support in 1937?
2455. When were Engineering colleges established in India?
2456. When did medical education begin in Calcutta?
2457. What did Lord Curzon establish?
2458. What were British education motives primarily driven by?
2459. What was the purpose of education for strengthening British authority?
2460. What was the impact of language policy on administration?
2461. What happened to traditional Indian learning after 1844?
2462. What was the literacy rate between 1911-22?
2463. Who primarily accessed education?
2464. What was neglected in scientific and technical training?
2465. How many medical and engineering colleges existed by 1857?
2466. What was the impact of colonial policies on agrarian structure?
2467. What was the impact of handicrafts collapse?
2468. What were the new revenue systems?
2469. What was the impact of heavy revenue in Ryotwari regions?
2470. What was the cycle of debt for farmers?
2471. How did resistance emerge from peasants?
2472. How did crime rates change among peasants?
2473. How did Bengal planters force indigo cultivation?
2474. Who resisted planters and their enforcers in 1859?
2475. What tactics were used by peasants in the Indigo Revolt?
2476. Who provided crucial support to the Indigo Revolt?
2477. What ended forced cultivation in 1860?
2478. What did Eastern Bengal zamindars do in the 1870s-1880s?
2479. What did Yusufshahi Pargana peasants form?
2480. What tactics were used in the Pabna Agrarian Leagues?
2481. When was the Bengal Tenancy Act passed?
2482. Who supported the peasant cause among intellectuals?
2483. What was the changed nature of peasant movements after 1857?
2484. What were the limitations of these movements in terms of reach and continuity?
2485. What awareness did peasants develop?
2486. What were the weaknesses of these movements?
2487. What was the condition of the working class in the mid-19th century?
2488. What dual exploitation did Indian workers face?
2490. What was the stance of Moderates on labor and factory legislation?
2491. What early improvements were made in labor conditions?
2492. When and by whom was a workingmen’s club established?
2493. Who attempted labor legislation in Bombay in 1878?
2494. When and by whom was the Bombay Mills and Millhands Association started?
2495. When did the first major strike occur and why?
2496. What happened to workers during the Swadeshi Upsurge?
2497. What strikes occurred during the Swadeshi Upsurge?
2498. Were trade unions formed successfully during the Swadeshi Upsurge?
2499. Who led the southern India strikes?
2500. What was the largest strike during the Swadeshi Upsurge?
2501. How did WWI impact industrialists and workers?
2502. What was Gandhi’s role in mobilizing workers and peasants during WWI?
2503. What became a priority during WWI for labor?
2504. What international developments influenced the Indian labor movement?
2505. What does AITUC stand for?
2506. When was the Trade Union Act passed?
2507. What did the Trade Union Act recognize?
2508. What immunity did it provide?
2509. What was the impact of Communist influence in the late 1920s?
2510. How did the government respond to these labor actions?
2511. What ordinance and act were passed to control labor?
2512. What did the Trade Disputes Act 1929 mandate and require?
2513. What was the Meerut Conspiracy Case (1929)?
2514. What happened in the 1937 elections regarding AITUC?
2515. What legislation did Congress governments enact?
2516. What was the status of Indians in Central Legislature in 1853?
2517. What was the status of Indians in legislative council in 1861?
2518. What was the status of Indians in legislative council in 1892?
2519. What was the status of Indians in legislative council in 1909?
2520. What was the separation of Legislative and Executive functions in 1853?
2521. What was the status of Indians in Legislative Council in 1861?
2522. What was the formation of Congress in 1885?
2523. What was the enhanced legislative power in 1909?
2524. What was the status of finance in 1853, 1861, and 1892?
2525. What was the status of questions in 1853, 1861, and 1892?
2526. What was the background of the Regulating Act 1773?
2527. What were the administrative issues by 1772?
2528. What was the British aim regarding central authority?
2529. What was recognized by the British Government regarding the Company’s role?
2530. What was the control structure of the company?
2531. What was increased regarding the Court of Directors?
2532. Was private trade prohibited?
2533. What did the Court of Directors have to report on?
2534. What changes occurred in the administration of Bombay and Madras?
2535. What was the composition of the Central Legislature?
2536. What was the status of the provincial legislature?
2537. What powers did the provincial legislature have?
2538. What were the commercial revenues of the Company?
2539. What was established in Calcutta regarding legal checks?
2540. What practice was ended regarding government forms?
2541. What was the background of the Pitts Act 1784 regarding trade monopoly?
2542. What was the dual control system under Pitts Act 1784?
2543. What was the change in the executive council under Pitts Act 1784?
2544. What was the change in the central legislature under Pitts Act 1784?
2545. What power did the governor general possess?
2546. What was the change in the provincial legislature under Pitts Act 1784?
2547. What was the status of company’s territories in India by Charter Act 1813?
2548. What was the first act of the 19th century regarding trade monopoly?
2549. What was Napoleon’s Continental System (1806) and its impact on British trade?
2550. What was the status of the EIC monopoly after Charter Act 1813?
2551. How was revenue separated?
2552. What was the primary reason for the Charter Act 1833?
2553. What was the status of the EIC monopoly after Charter Act 1833?
2554. What was the administrative change in the Governor General’s status?
2555. What was added to the Executive Council?
2556. What was the power of the Governor General in the Central Legislature?
2557. What was the composition of the Indian Council?
2558. What was the legislative procedure under Charter Act 1833?
2559. What happened to the legislative powers of Madras and Bombay?
2560. What was the revenue source after commercial trade was removed?
2561. What did the Law Commission introduce?
2562. What was the impact of EIC monopoly removal on British penetration?
2563. How did Civil Services evolve regarding Indians?
2564. What happened to St Helena Island?
2565. What was the purpose of the Charter Act 1853?
2566. What happened to the Court of Directors from 24 to 18?
2567. What power was given to the Court of Directors regarding new presidencies?
2568. What was the administrative status of the Governor General?
2569. What was the change in the Executive Council?
2570. What was the separation of powers in the Central Legislature?
2571. What was the composition of the Indian (Central) Legislative Council?
2572. What was introduced for the first time in the Indian (Central) Legislative Council?
2573. What powers did the Governor General have over bills?
2574. What was the status of lawmaking in provincial legislature?
2575. Was an end date mentioned for the Charter Act 1853?
2576. Who controlled the revenues of India after Charter Act 1853?
2577. What was the status of Company patronage over services?
2578. What was announced by Lord Canning in Queen’s Proclamation 1858?
2579. What was abolished by the Queen’s Proclamation?
2580. What employment opportunities were guaranteed for Indians?
2581. What was transferred regarding EIC soldiers?
2582. What was guaranteed regarding justice and religious freedom?
2583. What was the change in control of the government of India by Indian Council Act 1861?
2584. What was the role of the Secretary of State and Viceroy?
2585. What power did the Viceroy have regarding ordinances?
2586. What was the change in the Executive Council’s composition?
2587. What system was introduced for Executive Council members?
2588. What public works were added in 1874?
2589. What was the composition of the Indian Legislative Council?
non-official members nominated?
2591. What was the majority status of official members?
2592. Who were the first 3 Indians nominated in 1862?
2594. What was restored regarding provincial legislature?
2595. What was established regarding provincial legislature?
2596. What was the composition of the Provincial executive council?
2597. What powers did the Provincial executive council have?
2599. Who could dismiss bills passed by the Executive Council?
2600. When was Congress formed and what was its aim regarding the Indian Council Act 1861?
2601. What was the role of the Viceroy in the Government of India after 1861?
2602. What was the change in administration after 1861?
2603. What was the impact of the Minto Morley Reforms (1909) on British and Muslim League power?
2604. What did the Muslim League demand regarding electorates and executive council appointments?
2605. What was the role of the Viceroy in the Government of India Act 1909?
2606. Who was the Indian allowed in the Executive Council?
2607. What was the increase in additional members in the Indian Legislative Council?
2608. How many official and non-official members were there?
2609. How were non-official members nominated?
2610. What was the majority status of officials?
2611. What were the powers regarding financial matters in the Central Legislature?
2612. What was allowed for questions to the executive council?
2613. What was the increase in provincial legislature members?
2614. What were the additional members in Bengal, Bombay, NWFP, and Madras?
2615. What were the additional members in Punjab, Burma, and Assam?
2616. What was the majority status of non-official members?
2617. Who was allowed in the Provincial Executive Council?
2618. What was the background of the Government of India Act 1919 regarding WWI?
2619. What united Congress and Muslim League in 1916?
2620. What were the demands of the Legislative Council in 1916?
2621. What was the Montagu Declaration of August 1917?
2622. What was the separation of the Secretary of State’s office?
2623. What was the reason for the separation?
2624. How was the Secretary of State funded after the separation?
2625. What overriding powers did the Viceroy possess?
2626. What was the proportion of Indians in the Executive Council?
2627. Was the Executive Council responsible to the legislature?
2628. What replaced the Indian Legislative Council?
2629. What was the majority status of members in the bicameral legislature?
2630. What was the difference in power between the Legislative Assembly and Council of State?
2631. How were deadlocks resolved between the two houses?
2632. What was the electoral system and representation like under the 1919 Act?
2633. How many Indians were elected in total and how many Muslims were allocated seats?
2634. What was the composition of the Lower House (Legislative Assembly)?
2635. What was the composition of the Upper House (Council of State)?
2636. What was the community representation structure for Legislative Assembly?
2637. What was the community representation structure for Council of State?
2638. What did the Indian Council Act 1861 grant to provincial legislatures?
2639. How was the executive divided in provinces?
2640. How many elected members became ministers at the provincial level?
2641. Were ministers responsible to the legislature?
2642. What was introduced at the provincial level regarding governance?
2643. How were subjects split?
2644. What were the Central Subjects?
2645. What were the Provincial Subjects divided into?
2646. Who administered Transferred subjects?
2647. What were the subjects under Transferred subjects?
2648. Who administered Reserved subjects?
2649. What were the subjects under Reserved subjects?
2650. What was the aim after 10 years for the commission?
2651. What was established regarding public service?
2652. What were the women voting rights like?
2653. What was the extent of women voting rights from 1919-1929?
2654. What was the Government of India Act 1919 introduced with?
2655. What was the composition of the Council of States (Upper House) in the GOI Act 1935?
2656. What was the composition of the Federal Assembly (Lower House) in the GOI Act 1935?
2657. What was the election method for the Council of States?
2658. What was the election method for the Federal Assembly?
2659. What was the term of the Council of States?
2660. What was the term of the Federal Assembly?
2661. What were the powers of the Council of States regarding no-confidence votes?
2662. What were the powers of the Federal Assembly regarding no-confidence votes?
2663. What were the three lists for legislative subjects?
2664. What was introduced at the central level regarding governance?
2665. How was the Federal Subject divided?
2666. What was the number of subjects for the Federal Subject (earlier Central Subject)?
2667. What was the law-making authority for the Federal Subject?
2668. What was the administration for the Federal Subject?
2669. What was the number of subjects for the Provincial Subject?
2670. What was the law-making authority for the Provincial Subject?
2671. What was the administration for the Provincial Subject?
2672. What was the number of subjects for the Concurrent Subject?
2673. What was the law-making authority for the Concurrent Subject?
2674. What was the administration for the Concurrent Subject?
2675. What was the residual powers authority?
2676. After separation of Burma, how many places established provincial legislatures?
2677. What was removed regarding dyarchy in 1919?
2678. What was the autonomy status of provinces?
2679. Who administered the provinces?
2680. What was the status of the Secretary of State and Governor General’s superintendence?
2681. What was the financial power of provinces?
2682. What was the executive structure in provinces?
2683. What power did the Governor have over administration?
2684. What changes were made to legislature in provinces?
2685. What powers did the provincial legislature have regarding lists?
2686. What were the financial and legislative limitations of the provincial legislature?
2687. What was established regarding the Federal Court?