1. What is the Parliament in the context of the Union government?
2. What is the significance of the Parliament in the Indian democratic political system?
3. Which Articles in which Part of the Constitution deal with the Parliament?
4. What are the three parts of the Parliament of India under the Constitution?
7. Is the President of India a member of either House of Parliament?
8. Why is the President considered an integral part of the Parliament?
10. What is the maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha?
union territories and nominated members?
12. What is the current strength of the Rajya Sabha?
13. How are the representatives of states in the Rajya Sabha elected?
14. On what basis are seats allotted to states in the Rajya Sabha?
15. How are the representatives of union territories in the Rajya Sabha elected?
16. Which Union Territories have representation in Rajya Sabha?
17. How are the 12 nominated members of the Rajya Sabha selected?
18. What is the rationale behind the nomination principle for the Rajya Sabha?
19. What is the maximum strength of the Lok Sabha?
21. What is the current strength of the Lok Sabha?
22. How are the representatives of states in the Lok Sabha elected?
23. What is the voting age for Lok Sabha elections?
24. How are the representatives of union territories in the Lok Sabha chosen?
26. What does the Fourth Schedule of the Constitution deal with?
28. What does the expression ‘population’ mean for territorial constituencies?
29. What readjustments are to be made after every census regarding Lok Sabha seats?
30. Which Acts has Parliament enacted for delimitation purposes?
31. What did the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 do regarding the allocation of seats in the Lok Sabha?
32. What did the 84th Amendment Act of 2001 do regarding the ban on readjustment of Lok Sabha seats?
34. What did the 87th Amendment Act of 2003 provide for regarding delimitation of constituencies?
35. Does the Constitution provide for communal representation in the Lok Sabha?
36. Does the Constitution provide for reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha?
37. What is the duration of the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha?
38. How are reserved seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha filled?
41. What system of election has been adopted for the Lok Sabha?
42. What does the First-Past-The-Post system mean?
43. What are the defects of the territorial representation system?
44. What is the aim of the system of proportional representation?
45. What are the two kinds of proportional representation?
48. What are the demerits of the system of proportional representation?
49. Is the Rajya Sabha a continuing chamber?
50. How often do members of the Rajya Sabha retire?
51. How are vacant seats in the Rajya Sabha filled?
52. Are retiring members of the Rajya Sabha eligible for re-election?
53. Has the Constitution fixed the term of office of members of the Rajya Sabha?
56. Is the Lok Sabha a continuing chamber?
57. What is the normal term of the Lok Sabha?
58. Who is authorised to dissolve the Lok Sabha?
59. Can the President’s decision to dissolve the Lok Sabha be challenged in a court of law?
60. How can the term of the Lok Sabha be extended during a national emergency?
62. What are the qualifications for a person to be chosen a member of the Parliament?
66. Who decides questions of disqualification of a member of Parliament?
67. What is the disqualification on ground of defection for a member of Parliament?
68. When does a member incur disqualification under the defection law?
69. Who decides the question of disqualification under the Tenth Schedule?
Speaker regarding disqualification under the Tenth Schedule subject to judicial review?
72. What happens if a person is elected to both Houses of Parliament?
73. What happens if a sitting member of one House is also elected to the other House?
74. What happens if a person is elected to two seats in a House?
75. What happens if a person is a member of both Parliament and a state legislature?
her oath or affirmation before taking seat?
79. What is the consequence if a member does not take the oath?
she sits or votes as a member without taking the oath, being disqualified, or being prohibited?
81. Who determines the salaries and allowances of Members of Parliament?
82. Is there a provision for pension for Members of Parliament in the Constitution?
83. What were the salary and allowances of Members of Parliament increased to in 2018?
84. What is the pension for a person who has served as a Member of Parliament?
86. How is the Speaker of Lok Sabha elected?
87. Who fixes the date of election of the Speaker?
88. What is the tenure of the Speaker of Lok Sabha?
90. What is the advance notice period required to move a resolution for the Speaker’s removal?
her removal is under consideration?
her removal is under consideration?
her office when the Lok Sabha is dissolved?
94. What is the role of the Speaker of Lok Sabha?
96. What are the powers and duties of the Speaker of Lok Sabha?
97. What provisions ensure the independence and impartiality of the Speaker’s office?
98. What is the convention regarding the Speaker’s party membership in Britain versus India?
99. How is the Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha elected?
100. Who fixes the date of election of the Deputy Speaker?
101. What is the tenure of the Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha?
104. What are the duties of the Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha?
105. Can the Deputy Speaker preside over a joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament?
106. Is the Deputy Speaker subordinate to the Speaker?
107. What special privilege does the Deputy Speaker have regarding parliamentary committees?
108. What is the convention regarding the party affiliation of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker?
109. Do the Speaker and Deputy Speaker make a separate oath or affirmation upon assuming office?
110. When did the institutions of Speaker and Deputy Speaker originate in India?
111. What were the original names for the Speaker and Deputy Speaker before 1947?
113. Who was the first Indian and first elected Speaker of the central legislative assembly in 1925?
114. Who had the distinction of being the first Speaker and first Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha?
115. What is the Panel of Chairpersons of Lok Sabha?
116. What are the powers of a member from the Panel of Chairpersons when presiding over the House?
117. What is the tenure of a member from the Panel of Chairpersons?
118. What happens if a member of the Panel of Chairpersons is also not present?
120. Who performs the Speaker’s duties when the office of Speaker or Deputy Speaker is vacant?
121. What is a Speaker Pro Tem?
122. Who is usually selected as the Speaker Pro Tem?
123. Who administers the oath to the Speaker Pro Tem?
124. What are the powers and duties of the Speaker Pro Tem?
125. When does the office of the Speaker Pro Tem cease to exist?
126. Who is the presiding officer of the Rajya Sabha?
127. Who is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha?
her duties when the Vice-President acts as President?
129. How can the Chairman of Rajya Sabha be removed from office?
130. What are the powers and functions of the Chairman of Rajya Sabha as a presiding officer?
131. What are the two special powers of the Speaker that are not enjoyed by the Chairman?
132. Is the Chairman of Rajya Sabha a member of the House?
133. Can the Chairman of Rajya Sabha vote in the first instance?
her removal is under consideration?
her removal is under consideration?
136. Who determines the salaries and allowances of the Chairman of Rajya Sabha?
138. How is the Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha elected?
141. What are the duties of the Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha?
142. Is the Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha subordinate to the Chairman?
143. Can the Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha vote in the first instance?
her removal is under consideration?
145. Who determines the salaries and allowances of the Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha?
146. What is the Panel of Vice-Chairpersons of Rajya Sabha?
148. What is the tenure of a member from the Panel of Vice-Chairpersons?
149. What happens if a member of the Panel of Vice-Chairpersons is also not present?
151. Who performs the Chairman’s duties when the office of Chairman or Deputy Chairman is vacant?
152. Does each House of Parliament have separate secretarial staff?
153. Who heads the secretariat of each House?
154. What is the role of the secretary-general?
155. What is the ‘Leader of the House’ in the Lok Sabha?
156. Is there a ‘Leader of the House’ in the Rajya Sabha?
157. What is the role of the Leader of the House?
158. What is the equivalent functionary in the USA to the Leader of the House?
159. What is the ‘Leader of the Opposition’ in each House of Parliament?
160. What are the main functions of the Leader of the Opposition?
161. When were the leaders of Opposition accorded statutory recognition?
163. What is the ‘Shadow Cabinet’ in the British political system?
164. What is the role of the ‘Shadow Cabinet’?
165. What is the equivalent functionary in the USA to the Leader of the Opposition?
166. Is the office of ‘whip’ mentioned in the Constitution of India or the Rules of the House?
167. What is the role of a whip in a political party?
168. Who is the Chief whip of the government party in the Lok Sabha?
169. Who holds the position of Chief whip of the government party in the Rajya Sabha?
170. To whom is the Chief whip directly responsible?
171. What facilities are Chief whips of recognized parties and groups entitled to?
174. Who summons each House of Parliament?
175. What is the maximum gap allowed between two sessions of Parliament?
176. What are the three usual sessions of Parliament in a year?
177. What is a ‘session’ of Parliament?
178. What is a ‘recess’ in Parliament?
179. What is Adjournment in Parliament?
180. What is Adjournment Sine Die?
181. Who holds the power of adjournment and adjournment sine die?
182. What is Prorogation in Parliament?
183. Can the President prorogue the House while it is in session?
184. What is the key difference between adjournment and prorogation?
185. How do adjournment and prorogation affect pending bills or business?
186. Which House of Parliament is not subject to dissolution?
187. Which House of Parliament is subject to dissolution?
188. What is the difference between prorogation and dissolution?
189. What are the two ways in which the dissolution of the Lok Sabha may take place?
190. Is the President’s decision to dissolve the Lok Sabha irrevocable?
191. What happens to all business pending before the Lok Sabha when it is dissolved?
193. What happens to a bill passed by the Lok Sabha but pending in the Rajya Sabha upon dissolution?
198. What is Quorum in Parliament?
199. What is the quorum for a meeting of a House of Parliament?
200. What is the duty of the presiding officer if there is no quorum during a meeting?
201. How are matters decided at any sitting of either House or joint sitting of both Houses?
202. What is the role of the presiding officer regarding voting in case of a tie?
203. What are the three methods of holding a Division for voting in the Lok Sabha?
204. What are the official languages for transacting business in the Parliament?
208. What rights do ministers and the attorney general of India have in Parliament?
210. What is a Lame-duck Session?
211. Who are called lame-ducks?
212. What was the purpose of lame-duck sessions in the years 1957 and 1962?
213. What are the four types of majority required to determine various matters in the Parliament?
215. What does Article 100 state regarding simple majority?
216. In what cases is simple majority required?
217. What is Effective Majority?
218. What is the effective majority for the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha?
219. In what cases is effective majority required?
220. What is Absolute Majority?
221. What is the absolute majority for the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha?
222. Is absolute majority prescribed as a standalone requirement by the Constitution?
223. What is Special Majority-I?
224. In what cases is Special Majority-I required?
225. What is Special Majority-II?
226. In what case is Special Majority-II required?
227. What is Special Majority-III?
228. In what cases is Special Majority-III required?
229. What is the Question Hour in Parliament?
230. What are the three kinds of questions asked during the Question Hour?
231. What is a starred question?
232. What is an unstarred question?
233. What is a short notice question?
234. Can questions be asked to private members during the Question Hour?
235. What is the Zero Hour in Parliament?
236. What is a Motion in Parliament?
237. What are the three principal categories of motions moved by members?
238. What is a Substantive Motion?
239. What is a Substitute Motion?
240. What is a Subsidiary Motion?
241. What is a Closure Motion?
242. What are the four kinds of closure motions?
243. What is a Privilege Motion?
244. What is a Calling Attention Motion?
245. What is an Adjournment Motion?
246. Which House is not permitted to make use of an Adjournment Motion?
247. What are the restrictions on the right to move an Adjournment Motion?
248. What is a No-Confidence Motion?
249. What is a Confidence Motion?
250. What is a Censure Motion?
251. What is the difference between a Censure Motion and a No-Confidence Motion?
252. What is a Motion of Thanks?
253. What is a No-Day-Yet-Named Motion?
254. What is a Dilatory Motion?
255. What is a Point of Order?
256. What is a Half-an-Hour Discussion?
257. What is a Short Duration Discussion?
258. What is a Special Mention?
259. What is a Resolution in Parliament?
260. What are the objectives of a resolution?
261. What are the three categories of resolutions?
262. What is a Private Member’s Resolution?
263. What are the three kinds of Government Resolutions?
264. What is a Statutory Resolution?
265. What is the Youth Parliament scheme and its objectives?
266. What are the two kinds of bills introduced in the Parliament?
267. What are the differences between Public Bills and Private Bills?
269. What are the five stages an ordinary bill passes through in Parliament?
270. What happens during the First Reading of an ordinary bill?
271. What happens during the Second Reading of an ordinary bill?
273. What is the usual practice regarding the Committee Stage of an ordinary bill?
274. What happens during the Consideration Stage of an ordinary bill?
275. What happens during the Third Reading of an ordinary bill?
276. When is an ordinary bill deemed to have been passed by Parliament?
278. When is a deadlock deemed to have taken place between the two Houses over an ordinary bill?
279. How can a deadlock between the two Houses over an ordinary bill be resolved?
281. What happens if the President gives assent to a bill?
282. What happens if the President withholds assent to a bill?
284. What type of veto does the President enjoy regarding ordinary bills?
285. What does Article 110 of the Constitution deal with?
286. What matters must a bill contain ‘only’ to be deemed a money bill?
287. What provisions do not cause a bill to be deemed a money bill?
288. Who makes the final decision on whether a bill is a money bill or not?
289. Can the Speaker’s decision on a money bill be questioned in any court of law?
290. What is the procedure for introducing a money bill in Parliament?
291. What are the Rajya Sabha’s powers regarding a money bill?
292. What happens if the Lok Sabha accepts the Rajya Sabha’s recommendations on a money bill?
294. What happens if the Rajya Sabha does not return a money bill to the Lok Sabha within 14 days?
295. Which House has more powers regarding a money bill?
296. Do both Houses have equal powers regarding an ordinary bill?
297. What are the President’s alternatives when a money bill is presented for assent?
298. What are Financial Bills?
299. What is the relationship between Money bills and Financial bills?
300. What is a Financial Bill (I)?
301. In what two respects is a Financial Bill (I) similar to a money bill?
303. What is a Financial Bill (II)?
304. What is the special feature of a Financial Bill (II)?
305. Where can a Financial Bill (II) be introduced?
306. Is the President’s recommendation necessary for the introduction of a Financial Bill (II)?
307. Can a Financial Bill (II) be rejected or amended by either House of Parliament?
308. Can the President summon a joint sitting to resolve a deadlock over a Financial Bill (II)?
309. What is a Joint Sitting of Two Houses?
310. Under what three situations is a deadlock deemed to have taken place?
311. Who can summon a joint sitting?
312. To which types of bills is the provision of joint sitting applicable?
314. Who presides over a joint sitting of the two Houses?
315. Does the Chairman of Rajya Sabha preside over a joint sitting?
316. What is the quorum to constitute a joint sitting?
317. What rules govern a joint sitting?
318. When is a bill deemed to have been passed at a joint sitting?
319. In a joint sitting, which House typically wins the battle?
320. What are the two cases in which new amendments to a bill can be proposed at a joint sitting?
321. How many times has the provision for joint sitting been invoked since 1950?
322. Which bills have been passed at joint sittings?
323. What does the Constitution refer to the budget as?
325. What elements does the overall budget contain?
326. When was the Railway Budget merged into the General Budget?
327. When was the Railway Budget separated from the General Budget?
objectives for the separation of the Railway Budget?
329. What does Article 112 state regarding the annual financial statement?
330. What does Article 113 state regarding demand for a grant?
331. What does Article 114 state regarding withdrawal of money from the Consolidated Fund of India?
332. What does Article 117 state regarding the introduction of money bills imposing tax?
333. What does Article 265 state regarding taxation?
334. What power does Parliament have regarding a tax?
336. What does Article 113 state regarding the Rajya Sabha’s power to vote on the demand for grants?
337. What does Article 109 state regarding the Rajya Sabha’s return of a Money bill?
338. What does Article 112 state regarding the expenditure in the budget?
340. What powers does the Lok Sabha have regarding a demand for a grant?
342. What does Article 116 state regarding the Lok Sabha’s power to make a grant in advance?
343. What are the six stages the budget goes through in Parliament?
344. When is the budget conventionally presented to the Lok Sabha?
345. Can the budget be presented in parts?
346. Is there a discussion on the budget on the day it is presented to the House?
347. What is the ‘budget speech’?
348. What happens after the budget speech in the Lok Sabha?
349. What are the budget documents presented to the Parliament?
350. When is the Economic Survey presented to Parliament?
351. What happens during the General Discussion stage of the budget?
352. What happens during the Scrutiny by Departmental Committees stage of the budget?
353. What is the role of the standing committee system in parliamentary financial control?
354. What happens during the Voting on Demands for Grants stage of the budget?
355. What are the two key points regarding the voting of demands for grants?
357. What are the three kinds of cut motions?
358. What is a Policy Cut Motion?
359. What is an Economy Cut Motion?
360. What is a Token Cut Motion?
361. What are the conditions for a cut motion to be admissible?
362. What is ‘guillotine’ in the context of budget discussion?
363. What is the procedure for Passing of Appropriation Bill?
365. When does the Appropriation Bill become the Appropriation Act?
366. What is the purpose of the Appropriation Act?
367. What is a ‘Vote on Account’?
368. What happens to the Vote on Account in an election year?
369. What is the purpose of advancing the Budget session to February 1st since 2017?
370. What is an Interim Budget?
372. What is the deadline for the Finance Bill to be enacted?
373. What is the purpose of the Finance Act?
374. What are Other Grants besides the ordinary budget estimates?
375. What is a Supplementary Grant?
376. What is an Additional Grant?
378. What is a Vote of Credit?
379. What is an Exceptional Grant?
381. What are the three kinds of funds provided by the Constitution for the Central government?
382. What is the Consolidated Fund of India?
383. What is the Public Account of India?
384. What is the Contingency Fund of India?
385. What are the seven categories of powers and functions of the Parliament?
386. What is the primary function of Parliament?
387. What are the Parliament’s exclusive powers regarding law-making?
388. What are the Parliament’s powers regarding the Concurrent List?
389. Under what five abnormal circumstances can Parliament make laws on subjects in the State List?
390. How long must ordinances issued by the President be approved by Parliament?
391. What is delegated legislation or executive legislation or subordinate legislation?
392. How does Parliament exercise control over the Executive?
393. To whom are the ministers collectively responsible?
394. What does individual responsibility mean for a minister?
395. How can the Lok Sabha express lack of confidence in the government?
396. What are the two stages of parliamentary control over the Executive in financial matters?
397. What is the principle of annuity regarding the budget?
398. What is the ‘rule of lapse’?
400. What are the financial committees that scrutinize government spending and performance?
401. What are the Constituent Powers and Functions of the Parliament?
402. How can the major part of the Constitution be amended by the Parliament?
403. How can some other provisions of the Constitution be amended by the Parliament?
404. How can a few provisions of the Constitution be amended by the Parliament?
405. Who has the exclusive power to initiate the process of amendment of the Constitution?
407. Is the constituent power of the Parliament unlimited?
409. What are the judicial powers and functions of the Parliament?
410. What are the electoral powers and functions of the Parliament?
411. What are the other powers and functions of the Parliament?
413. How can the constitutional position of the Rajya Sabha be studied?
414. In what matters does the Rajya Sabha have equal powers and status with the Lok Sabha?
415. In what matters are the powers and status of the Rajya Sabha unequal to that of the Lok Sabha?
416. What are the four exclusive or special powers of the Rajya Sabha not enjoyed by the Lok Sabha?
417. How does the Rajya Sabha’s position compare to the House of Lords and the American Senate?
418. What are the grounds supporting the utility of the Rajya Sabha?
419. What are Parliamentary Privileges?
420. To whom are parliamentary privileges extended?
421. Do parliamentary privileges extend to the President?
422. What are the two broad categories of Parliamentary privileges?
423. What are the collective privileges of each House of Parliament?
424. What is a Breach of Privilege?
425. What is Contempt of the House?
426. What is the relationship between ‘breach of privilege’ and ‘contempt of the House’?
427. What are the individual privileges of members of Parliament?
428. What are the five sources on which Parliamentary privileges are based?
429. What is the doctrine of ‘sovereignty of Parliament’?
432. What are the factors that limit the sovereignty of the Indian Parliament?
433. How does the written nature of the Constitution limit the Indian Parliament’s sovereignty?
434. How does the federal system of government limit the Indian Parliament’s sovereignty?
435. How does the system of judicial review limit the Indian Parliament’s supremacy?
436. How do Fundamental Rights limit the Indian Parliament’s authority?
437. What is the total number of seats in Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha?
439. Which Article deals with the Constitution of Parliament?
440. Which Article deals with the Composition of the Council of States?
441. Which Article deals with the Composition of the House of the People?
442. Which Article deals with Readjustment after each census?
443. Which Article deals with Duration of Houses of Parliament?
444. Which Article deals with Qualification for membership of Parliament?
445. Which Article deals with Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution?
446. Which Article deals with the Right of President to address and send messages to Houses?
447. Which Article deals with Special address by the President?
448. Which Article deals with Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses?
449. Which Article deals with the Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States?
her removal from office is under consideration?
453. Which Article deals with the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People?
her removal from office is under consideration?
458. Which Article deals with the Secretariat of Parliament?
459. Which Article deals with Oath or affirmation by members?
461. Which Article deals with Vacation of seats?
462. Which Article deals with Disqualifications for membership?
463. Which Article deals with Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members?
466. Which Article deals with Salaries and allowances of members?
467. Which Article deals with Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills?
468. Which Article deals with Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases?
469. Which Article deals with Special procedure in respect of Money Bills?
470. Which Article deals with Definition of “Money Bills”?
471. Which Article deals with Assent to Bills?
472. Which Article deals with Annual financial statement?
473. Which Article deals with Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates?
474. Which Article deals with Appropriation Bills?
475. Which Article deals with Supplementary, additional or excess grants?
476. Which Article deals with Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants?
477. Which Article deals with Special provisions as to financial Bills?
478. Which Article deals with Rules of procedure?
480. Which Article deals with Language to be used in Parliament?
481. Which Article deals with Restriction on discussion in Parliament?
482. Which Article deals with Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament?