INDIAN CONSTITUTION — HISTORICAL UNDERPINNINGS, EVOLUTION, AMENDMENTS AND BASIC STRUCTURE
Constitutionalism and Constitutional Morality
What is meant by the term “constitutional morality’? How does one uphold constitutional morality? (GS 4) (19/10)
“Constitutional Morality’ is rooted in the Constitution itself and is founded on its essential facets. Explain the doctrine of ‘Constitutional Morality’ with the help of relevant judicial decisions. (150 words) (2021/10)
Write short notes in 30 words: Constitutional morality. (22/02)
“Constitutional morality is the fulcrum which acts as an essential check upon the high functionaries and citizens alike…” In view of the above observation of the Supreme Court, explain the concept of constitutional morality and its application to ensure balance between judicial independence and judicial accountability in India. (2025/15)
“Constitutional morality is not a natural sentiment but a product of civil education and adherence of the rule of law.” Examine the significance of constitutional morality for public servant highlighting the role in promoting good governance and ensuring accountability in public administration. (GS 4) (2025/10)
Amendments: Indian Constitution
Amending Procedures
What are the general features of the amending procedures of the Constitution of India? (About 250 words) (92/40)
What are the main differences between the passage of a Constitution Amendment Bill and other Legislative Bills? (250 words) (01/30)
How is the Constitution of India amended? Do you think that the procedure for amendment makes the Constitution a plaything in the hands of the Centre? (250 words) (02/30)
How would you differentiate between the passage of a Constitution Amendment Bill and of an Ordinary Legislative Bill? (06/15)
“The Supreme Court of India keeps a check on arbitrary power of the Parliament in amending the Constitution.” Discuss critically. (200 words) (13/10)
Indian Constitution has conferred the amending power on the ordinary legislative institutions with a few procedural hurdles. In view of this statement, examine the procedural and substantive limitations on the amending power of the Parliament to change the Constitution. (2025/15)
Important Amendments
State (not more than 2 lines) as to what the following stands for: the 42nd Amendment. (79/2)
Highlight the significance of the Twenty Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of India? (99/20)
What is the importance of the 84th Amendment of the Indian Constitution? (02/20)
Highlight the significance of Forty Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of India. (03/15)
With respect to Cooperative Societies what are the salient features of the 106th and 111th Constitutional Amendment Bills as at present? (150 words) (10/24)
Explain the salient features of the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016. Do you think it is efficacious enough ‘to remove cascading effect of taxes and provide for common national market for goods and services’? (2017/15)
Explain the significance of the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act. To what extent does it reflect the accommodative spirit of federalism? (2023/15)
Basic Structure of the Constitution
What is the basic structure of the Constitution of India? Briefly review the important amendments to the Constitution since its adoption by the Constituent Assembly. Specify any particular amendments, which were later repealed, and the reasons therefor. (500 words) (79/75)
Describe the emergence of Basic Structure concept in the Indian Constitution. (150 words) (94/20)
What, according to the Supreme Court, constituted “The Basic Features’, which is upheld in case known as: (i) Keshavanand Bharati v/s. State of Kerala, (ii) Minerva Mills v/s. Union of India (1990)? (97/20)
What constitutes the doctrine of “basic features’ as introduced into the Constitution of India by the Judiciary? (250 words) (00/30)
Starting from inventing the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy. (14/12.5)
Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, but it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favor of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism. (14/12.5)
“Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution is a limited power and it cannot be enlarged into absolute power.” In the light of this statement explain whether Parliament under Article 368 of the Constitution can destroy the Basic Structure of the Constitution by expanding its amending power? (19/15)
INDIAN CONSTITUTION: FEATURES & SIGNIFICANT PROVISIONS
Preamble
What was the amendment made, in 1976, in the Preamble of our Constitution? Discuss its significance. (in about 250 words) (83/40)
Discuss the political, social and economic characteristics of the Indian State. (250 words) (85/40)
What are the major commitments of the Constitution of India as incorporated in its preamble? (150 words) (88/20)
Why is India called a Republic? (88/3)
Discuss the secular nature of Indian Polity and the Position of minorities in India. (150 words) (91/20)
Indicate the provisions of Indian Constitution relating to Secularism. (94/3)
The Preamble to the Constitution is aimed to embody the fundamental values and the philosophy on which the Constitution is based. Elucidate. (75 words) (97/10)
What is the significance of a preamble to a constitution? Bring out the philosophy of the Indian polity as enshrined in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution? (250 words) (04/30)
What is ‘social justice’ in the context of Indian economy? (04/2)
What is Gandhian economy? (05/2)
What is a rogue state? (05/2)
Discuss each adjective attached to the word “Republic” in the ‘Preamble’. Are they defendable in the present circumstances? (16/12.5)
Citizenship
What are the constitutional rights of the citizens of India? What do you think about the demand of the NRI’s for dual citizenship? (150 words) (95/20)
Schedules
What is the content of the 10th Schedule of the Constitution of India? (93/3)
Four more languages were added to the 8th Schedule of the Constitution through two Amendments. Give the names of these four Languages as also the serial number of Amendments. (94/3)
What are the protections afforded to Scheduled Tribes in the Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution? (20 words) (05/2)
Why are the tribals in India referred to as ‘the Scheduled Tribes’? Indicate the major provisions enshrined in the Constitution of India for their upliftment. (GS 1) (2016/12.5)
Concurrent List
What is the purpose of having a concurrent list in the Constitution of India? (81/3)
Why was “education” taken out of the State list and inserted in the concurrent list? (83/3)
Mention any three important entries in the Concurrent list in the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution. (86/3)
Why was Education taken out of the State List and inserted in the concurrent list of the Indian Constitution? (91/3)
What were the objectives in having three separate legislative lists in the Constitution of India? Can the Parliament make laws about any item in the State list? If so, under what situation? Does any of the issues arising from the above give rise to Union-State controversies? (About 250 words) (83/40)
Oath
Why does the Constitution of India contain different forms of Oath for the President, the Ministers, the Legislators and the members of the Judiciary? Discuss their significance. (About 250 words) (96/40)
Why does the Constitution of India provide different forms of Oaths for the President, the Ministers, the Legislators and the members of the judiciary? Discuss their significance. (250 words) (02/30)
Articles 12-13
Differentiate between the ‘due process of law’ and ‘the procedure established by law’ in the context of deprivation of personal liberty in India. (94/3)
What do you understand by the term ‘Rule of Law’? How does the Constitution of India seek to establish it? (250 words) (96/40)
Articles 14-18: Right to Equality
What do you understand by positive discrimination? (87/3)
What is meant by “equal protection of law’? (93/3)
On what grounds does Article 15 of the Indian Constitution prohibit discrimination? Indicate the way the concept of ‘Special protection’ has qualified this prohibition, and contributed to social change. (99/40)
Discuss how the Constitution of India provides Equal rights. (250 words) (04/30)
Analyze the distinguishing features of the notion of Equality in the Constitutions of the USA and India. (250 words) (2021/15)
Article 19
In many democratic countries, radio and television are not under the control of the State. Do you think that the same policy should be adopted in India? Mention briefly the points in favors of and against such a step. (200 words) (80/25)
The press in India is free to publish any news and views except those, which are objectionable from the point of view of the security of state, friendly relations with Foreign States etc. What Steps have been taken recently by Government to prevent monopoly of the management of the newspaper, to encourage the growth of small newspapers and to prevent the exploitation of working journalists and other employees of Indian newspapers? (150 words) (81/25)
What are the constitutional limitations on the free movements of Indians throughout the country? (150 words) (05/15)
What are the “reasonable restrictions” mentioned in the Indian Constitution accompanying the Fundamental rights? (150 words) (90/20)
What do you understand by the concept “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of Expression? Discuss. (14/12.5)
Discuss Section 66A of IT Act, with reference to its alleged violation of Article 19 of the Constitution. (200 words) (13/10)
“Right of movement and residence throughout the territory of India are freely available to the Indian citizens, but these rights are not absolute.” Comment. (22/10)
Articles 20 and 22
What do you understand by “preventive detention”? (86/3)
Distinguish between preventive detention and Punitive detention. (93/3)
Explain the meaning of ex post-facto legislation. (94/3)
What is meant by ‘double jeopardy’? (05/2)
Article 21
State the amplitude of Article 21 of the Constitution. (98/3)
What is right to life and personal liberty? How have the courts expanded its meaning in recent years? (06/30)
What are the Rights within the ambit of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution? (12/5)
Does the right to clean environment entail legal regulations on burning crackers during Diwali? Discuss in the light of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution and Judgement(s) of the Apex Court in this regard. (15/12.5)
Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy. (250 words) (2017/15)
“The most significant achievement of modern law in India is the constitutionalization of environmental problems by the Supreme Court.” Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case laws. (22/10)
“The Constitution of India is a living instrument with capabilities of enormous dynamism. It is a constitution made for a progressive society.” Illustrate with special reference to the expanding horizons of the right to life and personal liberty. (2023/15)
Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and is inherently protected under Article 21 of the constitution. Explain. In this reference discuss the law relating to D.N.A. testing of child in the womb to establish its paternity. (2024/15)
Articles 23-24: Rights against Exploitation
What is the purpose of Article 24 of the Constitution of India? (93/3)
What specific provisions exist in the Constitution of India about child labor? (97/3)
Discuss the constitutional provisions regarding the Rights of children. (150 words) (01/15)
Articles 25-28: Right to Freedom of Religion
What is dealt with in Article 25 of Indian Constitution? What was the controversy about it recently? (100 words) (84/20)
Give your views on the right to freedom of religion as enshrined in the Indian Constitution. Do they make India a secular State? (250 words) (05/30)
It is the duty of the majority to instil confidence in the minority. Conversely, the minorities must also look beyond narrow sectarian interests and work for the larger goal of a real secular society in India. Evaluate in the light of the spirit of the Indian Constitution and the Indian experience. (250 words) (84/40)
Articles 29-30: Cultural and Educational Rights
For what purpose was the Ranganath Mishra Commission appointed? (85/3)
Explain the concept of Minorities in the Indian Constitution and mention the safeguards provided therein for their protection. (150 words) (88/20)
Discuss the secular nature of Indian Polity and the Position of minorities in India. (150 words) (91/20)
What are the provisions regarding the protection of Linguistic minorities in the Constitution? (75 words) (97/10)
What is the special facility provided to the linguistic minorities under Article 350 A? (04/10)
Article 32: Right to Constitutional Remedies
What is meant by Habeas Corpus? What is the purpose of a writ of Habeas Corpus? (83/2)
Discuss the importance of Article 32 of the Indian Constitution. (150 words) (87/20)
Define the writ of Certiorari. (87/3)
Define Writ of Mandamus. Explain its importance. (90/3)
The writ of Mandamus will not be granted against Certain persons. Who are they? (92/3)
What are the various writs available to the citizens of India? (93/3)
Why is Article 32 considered as the cornerstone of the Constitution? (95/3)
The Writ of Mandamus cannot be granted against Certain persons. Who are they? (96/3)
What is Habeas Corpus? (20 words) (04/2)
What is the common point between Articles 14 and 226 of the Indian Constitution? (05/2)
Is the High Courts’ power to issue ‘writs’ wider than that of the Supreme Court of India? (06/15)
What is the importance of Right to Constitutional Remedies? (07/2)
Right to Property
Bring out the significance of the Fundamental Rights provided in the Constitution of India. The right to acquire, hold and dispose of property has ceased to be a fundamental right. Examine the purpose of the change involved. (150 words) (81/20)
What is the present status of the Right to Property? (84/3)
What is the present status of the right to property as a Fundamental Right? (95/3)
What is the status of the right to property in the Indian Constitution? (99/3)
Reservation Rights
Why has there been reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Tribes in the legislatures and in public services? Has the purpose been achieved? Indicate recent developments. (150 words) (81/20)
The Backward Classes Commission, which was constituted under the Chairmanship of Shri B. P. Mandal, has recommended that 27% of vacancies should be reserved for “backward classes”, in addition to the existing reservations for persons belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. This reservation will apply to admissions in the educational institutions also. State briefly the points, which may be urged in favour of and against the above recommendation. What are your views? (200 words) (82/35)
Consider the recommendations of the Mandal Commission and offer your comments, referring to the situations obtaining in the country. (83/20)
What are the main causes of anti-reservation stir in Gujarat? What are the provisions in our Constitution regarding reservation? Do you consider the policy of reservation justified? (200 words) (85/35)
Explain the implications of the recent Supreme Court verdict on reservations in private and minority educational institutions. (05/10)
Directive Principles of State Policy
Write short notes in 150 words on Directive Principles of State Policy. (79/25)
Mention any three Directive Principles concerning social and economic justice. (84/3)
What additions have been made to the Directive Principles of State Policy since the commencement of the Constitution? (85/3)
State and explain briefly the economic implications of the “Right to Work”. (90/20)
Besides the Directive contained in Part IV, there are certain other Directives addressed to the state in other parts of the Constitution. What are they? (150 words) (92/20)
What is the constitutional position of Directive Principles of State Policy? How has it been interpreted by the judiciary after the emergency in 1975-77? (250 words) (01/30)
Discuss the constitutional provisions relating to the non-justiciable directives binding upon the states. (150 words) (02/15)
Uniform Civil Code
What have been the observations of the Supreme Court in a recent judgement in respect of a Uniform Civil Code? (50 words) (95/6)
Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizens a uniform civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy. (15/12.5)
Fundamental Rights vis-a-vis DPSP
Differentiate between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy. Do you think that the latter have been adequately implemented? Give reasons for your views. (in about 150 words) (82/20)
Briefly mention why and how the Chapter on Directive Principles gained precedence over the Chapter on Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution. (About 250 words) (87/40)
Briefly state the stages through which the present position of the Directive Principles vis-a-vis the Fundamental Rights has emerged. (98/40)
What is the importance of Directive Principles of State Policy? Mention which Directive Principles of State Policy have got primacy over the Fundamental Rights. (in about 150 words) (99/20)
Bring out the differences between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy. Discuss some of the measures taken by the Union and State Governments for the implementation of the Directive Principles of State Policy. (250 words) (07/30)
Fundamental Duties
Write short note on Fundamental Duties of Indian Citizens. (150 words) (80/25)
Indicate the nature of the Fundamental Duties inserted in our Constitution. (82/3)
What are the fundamental duties and their implications? (150 words) (93/20)
Write any four fundamental duties prescribed in the Constitution of India. (97/3)
Identify the major Fundamental Duties. (150 words) (03/15)
Enumerate the Fundamental Duties incorporated in the Constitution after the 42nd Amendment. (08/15)
‘Essentially all that is contained in Part IV-A of the Constitution is just a codification of tasks integral to the Indian way of life.’ Critically examine this statement. (11/20)
FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE UNION AND THE STATES, ISSUES AND CHALLENGES PERTAINING TO THE FEDERAL STRUCTURE
Federalism / Centre-State Relations
‘Planning and federalism make uneasy partners; the planning operations in India have led to erosion of federalism.’ Discuss. (250 words) (82/22.5)
Write a short note on the financial aspect of Sarkaria Commission Report. (About 40 words) (88/5)
The planning operations in India have led to erosion of federalism.’ Discuss. (150 words) (91/20)
Write about M. M. Punchhi Commission. (08/2)
Discuss the major extra-constitutional factors influencing the federal polity in India. (250 words) (08/30)
Nature of Indian Federation
Analyze the causes of controversy in India, in recent years, about Union-State relations. What are the specific areas of discord? Consider the main issues and offer your comments and suggestions. (81/50)
India is not a federation; but it has definite federal features. Elucidate. (82/22.5)
Briefly mention the factors, which have promoted concentration of power in the Centre in India and discuss the response of the States to this tendency. (About 250 words) (86/40)
Why is the Indian Constitution called quasi federal? (87/3)
“The emphasis in modern federations should not be on division and separation but on Collaboration and on Co-operation.” Discuss the statement in the context of Indian Policy. (In about 250 words) (90/40)
What are the essentials of a true federation? Analyze the nature of the Indian federation. (About 250 words) (93/40)
Discuss the major extra-constitutional factors influencing the working of federal polity in India. (150 words) (00/15)
Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, but it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism. (14/12.5)
The concept of cooperative federalism has been increasingly emphasised in recent years. Highlight the drawbacks in the existing structure and extent to which cooperative federalism would answer the shortcomings. (15/12.5)
Did the Government of India Act, 1935 lay down a federal constitution? Discuss. (16/12.5)
From the resolution of contentious issues regarding distribution of legislative powers by the courts, ‘Principle of Federal Supremacy’ and “Harmonious Construction’ have emerged. Explain. (19/10)
How far do you think cooperation, competition and confrontation have shaped the nature of federation in India? Cite some recent examples to validate your answer. (150 words) (2020/10)
Indian constitution exhibits centralising tendencies to maintain unity and integrity of the nation. Elucidate in the perspective of the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897; The Disaster Management Act, 2005 and recently passed Farm Acts. (2020/15)
What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the domain of Centre-State relations? Suggest measures to be adopted to build the trust between the Centre and the States and for strengthening federalism. (2024/15)
Financial Relations
What are the constitutional restrictions imposed upon the power of borrowing of the state governments? (20 words) (04/2)
Comment on the financial relations between the Union and the States in India. Has post-1991 liberalization in any way affected it? (250 words) (05/30)
Examine the evolving pattern of Centre-State financial relations in the context of planned development in India. How far have the recent reforms impacted the fiscal federalism in India? (2025/15)
Administrative Relations
Discuss the administrative relations between the Center and the states in the light of recent controversies. (In about 250 words) (01/30)
State Autonomy
What is the scheme of division of powers between the Centre and the States under the Constitution of India? Discuss whether the grant of greater autonomy to the States would be in the interests of strengthening the integrity and promoting the economic development of the country. (About 500 words) (79/75)
Examine the demand for greater state autonomy and its impact on the smooth functioning of Indian polity. (150 words) (08/15)
Discuss the essentials of the 69th Constitutional Amendment Act and anomalies, if any, that have led to recent reported conflicts between the elected representatives and the institution of the Lieutenant Governor in the administration of Delhi. Do you think that this will give rise to a new trend in the functioning of the Indian federal politics? (16/12.5)
Whether the Supreme Court Judgement (July 2018) can settle the political tussle between the Lt. Governor and elected government of Delhi? Examine. (18/15)
Special Provisions for States
What criteria for a fair and just solution of the Punjab problem have been laid down in the White Paper on Punjab? Explain its contention that the propositions contained in the Anandpur Sahib Resolution of Akali Dal on the Centre-State relations are contrary to the very basic concept of national unity and integrity & are therefore unacceptable. (150 words) (84/35)
Explain the significance of Article 370 in the Constitution of India. (88/3)
State the significance of Article 370 of our Constitution. (90/3)
Recent directives from Ministry of Petroleum and natural Gas are perceived by the ‘Nagas’ as a threat to override the exceptional status enjoyed by the State. Discuss in light of Article 371A of the Indian Constitution. (13/10)
To what extent is Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, bearing marginal note “temporary provision with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir”, temporary? Discuss the future prospects of this provision in the context of Indian polity. (2016/12.5)
Inter-State Council and Zonal Council
What are the functions of the Zonal Council? (82/3)
What are Zonal Councils? Discuss their constitution, role and importance in achieving inter-state comity. (92/40)
How does the Inter-State Council establish co-ordination between States? (150 words) (06/15)
Inter-State Water Disputes
Riparian rights are a source of disputes. How are they resolved in a federal system? (About 75 words) (86/10)
What are the basic points of dispute over the sharing of the Cauvery water? What are the recommendations of the Supreme Court? (90/5)
What role can the Union Government play in settling inter-state water disputes? (96/2)
What solution has been arrived at recently in the Cauvery water dispute? (50 words) (98/6)
Under what Article of the Constitution can the Union Government play its role in settling inter-state water disputes? (20 words) (02/2)
The Inter-State river water dispute has once again assumed center-stage after the Punjab Assembly’s Bill terminating all previous accords on river waters. Discuss. (250 words) (04/30)
‘Disputes between the riparian states on sharing of river waters in post-Independence India are becoming increasingly complex. Objectively analyze the major disputes in this connection, with special reference to the Southern States. (10/20)
Constitutional mechanisms to resolve the inter-state water disputes have failed to address and solve the problems. Is the failure due to structural or process inadequacy or both? Discuss. (13/10)
Emergency Provisions
Many countries which achieved independence after the war have come under dictatorship or military rule. What are the forces that have enabled India to maintain a democratic system? Consider in this connection, the emergency provisions in the Constitution of India, in making your presentation. (About 250 words) (83/40)
Discuss the meaning of “breakdown of constitutional machinery”. What are its effects? (250 words) (04/30)
Financial Emergency
Under what circumstances can the Financial Emergency be imposed in India? (87/3)
Define Financial Emergency. How many times has this been proclaimed so far? (95/3)
Under what circumstances can the Financial Emergency be proclaimed by the President of India? What consequences follow when such a declaration remains in force? (2018/10)
President’s Rule
Explain the significance of the April 1994 Supreme Court judgement on the proclamation of President’s rule. (94/20)
What is Article 356 in the Indian Constitution? Comment. (97/3)
What do you know about the following: Article 356 (in 20 words). (98/2)
Account for the legal and political factors responsible for the reduced frequency of using Article 356 by the Union Governments since mid 1990s. (2023/15)
DEVOLUTION OF POWERS AND FINANCES UP TO LOCAL LEVELS AND CHALLENGES THEREIN
Organization of Local Bodies
What changes, according to you, have taken place in the power structure in rural India in recent decades? (85/20)
Bring out the main change in the Panchayati Raj System in India through the Seventy Third Constitutional Amendment Act? (150 words) (93/20)
Highlight the significance of the Seventy-Third Amendment to the Constitution of India? (150 words) (98/20)
What is meant by the “fringe areas’ in the sphere of local government in India? (20 words) (02/2)
Discuss how state governments can exercise control over panchayats. (150 words) (04/15)
Write on PESA, 1996 in about 20 words. (09/2)
Role, Functioning and Financing of Local Bodies
Panchayati Raj has been designed to function as the grass root of democracy in India. Describe its organizational set-up. What is the present position? Assess the performance of panchayat system. (81/20)
What were the aims with which Panchayati Raj was created in India? Have these aims been fulfilled? What is the present position of the Panchayati Raj? (150 words) (83/20)
Would you say that the implementation of the Panchayati System in the last ten years has led to a real restructuring of the Indian polity? (250 words) (05/30)
In absence of a well-educated and organized local level government system, ‘Panchayats’ and “Samitis’ have remained mainly political institutions and not effective instruments of governance. Critically discuss. (15/12.5)
“The local self-government system in India has not proved to be effective instrument of governance”. Critically examine the statement and give your views to improve the situation. (2017/10)
Discuss the recommendations of the 13th Finance Commission which have been a departure from the previous commissions for strengthening the local government finances. (13/10)
Assess the importance of the Panchayat system in India as a part of local government. Apart from government grants, what sources can the Panchayats look out for financing developmental projects? (18/15)
“The reservation of seats for women in the institutions of local self-government has had a limited impact on the patriarchal character of the Indian Political Process.” Comment. (19/15)
The strength and sustenance of local institutions in India has shifted from their formative phase of ‘Functions, Functionaries and Funds’ to the contemporary stage of ‘Functionality’. Highlight the critical challenges faced by local institutions in terms of their functionality in recent times. (250 words) (2020/15)
To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots? (22/10)
“The states in India seem reluctant to empower urban local bodies both functionally as well as financially.” Comment. (2023/10)
Analyse the role of local bodies in providing good governance at local level and bring out the pros and cons of merging the rural local bodies with the urban local bodies. (2024/10)
SEPARATION OF POWERS BETWEEN VARIOUS ORGANS DISPUTE REDRESSAL MECHANISMS AND INSTITUTIONS
Separation of Power
“Separation of Powers is essential to ensure individual liberty.” Discuss this with regard to the provisions in the Constitution and practices adopted so far. (150 words) (83/20)
Resorting to ordinances has always raised concern on violation of the spirit of separation of powers doctrine. While noting the rationales justifying the power to promulgate ordinances, analyze whether the decisions of the Supreme Court on the issue have further facilitated resorting to this power. Should the power to promulgate ordinances be repealed? (15/12.5)
Do you think that Constitution of India does not accept principle of strict separation of powers, rather it is based on the principle of ‘checks and balance’? Explain. (150 words) (2019/10)
Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (250 words) (2020/15)
COMPARISON OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTIONAL SCHEME WITH THAT OF OTHER COUNTRIES
India and USA are two large democracies. Examine the basic tenets on which the two political systems are based. (2018/15)
Analyze the distinguishing features of the notion of Equality in the Constitutions of the USA and India. (250 words) (2021/15)
Compare and contrast the President’s power to pardon in India and in the USA. Are there any limits to it in both the countries? What are ‘preemptive pardons’? (2025/10)
Discuss the evolution of collegium system in India. Critically examine the advantages and disadvantages of the system of appointment of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India and that of the USA. (2025/15)
PARLIAMENT AND STATE LEGISLATURES — STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONING, CONDUCT OF BUSINESS, POWERS & PRIVILEGES AND ISSUES ARISING OUT OF THESE
Parliament
Organs
Discuss the relationship between the Executive and the legislative wings with reference to India. (150 words) (89/20)
Who and what does the Indian Parliament consist of? (20 words) (05/2)
Examine the relative roles of the Legislature, Judiciary and Executive in the functioning of the parliamentary system of Government of India. Is it a fact that the Executive has been tending to be more powerful over the years? (150 words) (82/20)
Khap Panchayats have been in the news for functioning as extra-constitutional authorities, often delivering pronouncements amounting to human rights violations. Discuss critically the actions taken by the legislative, executive and the judiciary to set the things right in this regard. (15/12.5)
Parliamentary Democracy
What is Parliamentary Democracy? How does the Indian Parliament exercise control over the Union Executive? Can the Parliament have any control over the State Executives? Assess the role of Standing Committees of the Parliament in the exercise of control. (About 400 words) (81/40)
Bring out the aberrations of the parliamentary system of government in India. (250 words) (01/30)
Identify the major obstacles in the smooth functioning of Parliamentary democracy in India. (03/30)
Presidential Form of Government
There is no need to replace the Parliamentary form of Government in India with the Presidential form of Government. Justify or oppose this statement with cogent arguments. (250 words) (84/40)
Distinguish between Parliamentary and Presidential forms of Government. Do you think that changing over to Presidential form will be a solution for better governance? Substantiate your answer. (About 250 words) (95/40)
Explain the concept of ‘Prime Ministerial Government’ and account for its decline in recent times in India. (250 words) (98/40)
“The issue of a hung Parliament adversely affects the stability of Indian Government.” Discuss the statement and point out how far changing over to the Presidential form of government will be a solution to this problem. (250 words) (02/30)
Contempt of Parliament
What is contempt of Parliament? Mention its various kinds. (90/3)
What is Contempt of Parliament? (00/2)
What is contempt of Parliament? (08/2)
Legislation on State Subjects
When can Parliament make a law on a subject given in the State list? (82/3)
Under what circumstances Parliament may legislate on State subjects? (150 words) (07/15)
Sovereignty of Parliament
What does ‘Sovereignty of Parliament’ mean? Consider whether the Indian Parliament is a sovereign body. (150 words) (82/20)
Is the Indian Parliament a “Sovereign” or a “non-Sovereign” legislature or both? (84/3)
Compare and contrast the British and Indian approaches to Parliamentary sovereignty. (150 words) (2023/10)
Privileges
State the privileges of the members of the Parliament. (88/3)
Discuss the powers, privileges and immunities of the Indian Parliament. (About 250 words) (89/40)
How is breach of Parliament Privilege different from Contempt of the House? (89/3)
The “Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members’ as envisaged in Article 105 of the Constitution leave room for a large number of un-codified and un-enumerated privileges to continue. Assess the reasons for the absence of legal codification of the ‘parliamentary privileges’. How can this problem be addressed? (14/12.5)
Parliamentary Control
What is Parliamentary Democracy? How does the Indian Parliament exercise control over the Union Executive? Can the Parliament have any control over the State Executives? Assess the role of Standing Committees of the Parliament in the exercise of control. (About 400 words) (81/40)
Identify the nature and methods of parliamentary control over the executive in Indian polity. (250 words) (87/40)
Discuss Parliamentary Control over the Executive. (in about 250 words) (03/30)
How does Parliament control the Union Executive? How effective is its control? (250 words) (00/30)
To what extent, in your view, is the Parliament able to ensure accountability of the executive in India? (150 words) (2021/10)
“The growth of cabinet system has practically resulted in the marginalisation of the parliamentary supremacy.” Elucidate. (2024/10)
Joint Sitting
When is a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament held? Who summons the sitting? Who presides over it? (82/3)
Who presides over the Joint-Session of the two Houses of the Indian Parliament over a non-money bill? (99/3)
When is the device of joint sitting of both the Houses of Parliament not available? (01/3)
The Indian Constitution has provisions for holding joint session of the two houses of the Parliament. Enumerate the occasions when this would normally happen and also the occasions when it cannot, with reasons thereof. (250 words) (2017/15)
Parliamentary Proceedings
Tools
What do you understand by ‘zero-hour’ in the conduct of business in Parliament? (88/3)
Distinguish between a starred question and an unstarred one asked in the Parliament. (89/3)
Explain what is a point of order? When can it be raised? (89/3)
What do Rule 184 and 193 in Parliamentary Procedure signify? (97/3)
What is a point of order? When can it be raised? (20 words) (03/2)
What is meant by “Sine-die’ adjournment? (20 words) (03/2)
Explain the following terms: (i) Dissolution of the House, (ii) Prorogation of the House, (iii) Adjournment of the business of the House. (20 words) (06/2)
What is Casting Vote? (07/2)
Distinguish between a starred question and an unstarred one asked in the Parliament. (08/2)
What is lame-duck-session of legislature? (92/3)
What is meant by the ‘lame-duck session’ of the legislature? (20 words) (02/2)
What is the maximum gap between two sessions of the Indian Parliament? (25 words) (99/3)
Money Bill
Write short notes on Procedure relating to Money Bills to be passed by Parliament. (150 words) (80/20)
In case of any dispute, whether a bill is a money bill or not, whose decision is final? (25 words) (99/3)
Define Money-bill. Discuss how it is passed in the Parliament. (150 words) (04/15)
Funds and Budget
What are the Consolidated and Contingency Funds of India? How are the two operated? (in about 150 words) (96/20)
What is Consolidated Fund of India? (06/2)
What is consolidated fund? (20 words) (07/2)
What is vote on account? (20 words) (00/2)
What is Appropriation Bill? (86/3)
Distinguish between Annual Financial Statement and Annual Finance Bill. (92/3)
Motions
What does a Cut Motion in Parliament mean? Mention its different kinds. (89/3)
What is a Cut Motion? Discuss its significance. (in about 150 words) (96/20)
What is a Privilege Motion? (98/3)
What is a Privilege Motion? (20 words) (00/2)
What is Call Attention Motion? (01/3)
What is a Privilege Motion? (03/2)
What is a Censure Motion? (08/2)
Parliamentary Committees
Describe the organization and functions of the Committee system in Indian Parliament. (89/20)
Discuss the value of the consultative committees attached to the different Ministries of the Government of India. (89/3)
What are the functions of the Business Advisory Committee of the Lok Sabha? (90/3)
What is Ethics Committee of Lok Sabha? (01/2)
Why do you think the committees are considered to be useful for parliamentary work? Discuss in this context the role of the Estimates Committee. (18/10)
Explain the structure of the Parliamentary Committee system. How far have the financial committees helped in the institutionalisation of Indian Parliament? (2023/15)
Financial Committees
Discuss the methods by which Parliament controls public expenditure in India. (About 250 words) (88/40)
Explain the structure of the Parliamentary Committee system. How far have the financial committees helped in the institutionalisation of Indian Parliament? (2023/15)
Public Accounts Committee
What is Public Accounts Committee of the Parliament in India? (82/3)
Explain the role of the Public Accounts Committee. (02/15)
Assess the importance of the role played by the Public Accounts Committee. (99/20)
Discuss the role of Public Accounts Committee in establishing accountability of the government to the people. (17/10)
Estimates Committee
Explain the functions of the Estimates Committee. (150 words) (95/20)
Examine the role of Estimates Committee. (150 words) (00/15)
Discuss, in this context, the role of the Estimates Committee. (18/10)
Committee on Public Undertakings
How does the Parliament seek to exercise control over the public sector undertakings? (86/20)
Indicate the structure and functions of the Committee on Public Undertakings. (150 words) (92/20)
DRSCs
Distinction between ‘Department Related Parliamentary Standing committees’ and “Parliamentary Forums’. (11/5)
Do Department-related Parliamentary Standing Committees keep the administration on its toes and inspire reverence for parliamentary control? Evaluate the working of such committees with suitable examples. (250 words) (2021/15)
Lok Sabha
Speaker
Examine the powers and functions of the speaker of the Lok Sabha. (150 words) (89/20)
Bring out the powers and responsibilities attached to the office of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. (10/12)
Who is a Protem Speaker? What are his responsibilities? (92/3)
What is meant by “Pro tem speaker’? (98/3)
What is the role of the protem speaker? (20 words) (02/2)
What is protem Speaker? (150 words) (07/15)
“Once a speaker, Always a speaker’! Do you think the practice should be adopted to impart objectivity to the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha? What could be its implications for the robust functioning of parliamentary business in India? (150 words) (2020/10)
Discuss the role of Presiding Officers of state legislatures in maintaining order and impartiality in conducting legislative work and in facilitating best democratic practices. (150 words) (2023/10)
Representation in Lok Sabha
When is a member of the Lok Sabha qualified to be appointed leader of the opposition? (81/3)
Despite all talk about the need for an effective opposition, why has it not been possible to develop an effective opposition in India? Enumerate the principal impediments to the achievement of the much-desired political objective. (150 words) (84/20)
What is the provision in the Constitution for representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Lok Sabha? (85/3)
Explain the scope of Article 331. (95/3)
State Legislative Assembly
Should the Speaker of a Legislative Assembly appear before the courts on summons? Justify your viewpoint. (50 words) (93/5)
Why is it said that the center has absolute veto over State Legislature? (20 words) (01/20)
Discuss the nature of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly after the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019. Briefly describe the powers and functions of the Assembly of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. (2025/10)
Rajya Sabha
Constitutional Provisions
What categories of persons does the President of India nominate to the Rajya Sabha? (79/3)
Discuss the provisions of Article 249 of the Indian Constitution. (150 words) (86/20)
Describe the procedure for the creation of Second Chamber of the State Legislature. (90/3)
What is the stand of the Election Commission on the residential qualification of the members of the Rajya Sabha? (100 words) (94/10)
Explain the position of the Election Commission with regard to the residential qualification of the members of the Council of States. What do you think about it? (150 words) (94/20)
Write brief but precise note on Legislative powers assigned to the Rajya Sabha under Art. 249 and Art. 312 of the Constitution. (10/5)
Relevance of Rajya Sabha
Explain the relevance of Rajya Sabha as a second Chamber in the Federal set-up of the Indian Parliamentary System. (150 words) (89/20)
“There are certain spheres where the Rajya Sabha alone has the authority.” What are they? (89/3)
Describe the powers and functions of the Council of States. Compare its powers with those of the House of the People. (About 250 words) (93/40)
Describe the non-federal features of the Council of States. (150 words) (95/20)
In what ways is the Rajya Sabha expected to play a special role in today’s changing political scenario? (About 250 words) (99/40)
Explain the relevance of Rajya Sabha as a second chamber in the federal set up of Indian Parliamentary System. (150 words) (03/15)
Rajya Sabha has been transformed from a “useless stepney tyre’ to the most useful supporting organ in past few decades. Highlight the factors as well as the areas in which this transformation could be visible. (250 words) (2020/15)
State Legislative Council
How and by which authority can a State Legislative Council be abolished? (83/3)
What is the bicameral legislature? Mention the states that have a bicameral legislature in our country. (95/3)
On what grounds are the Legislative Councils justified? How is it created or abolished in a State? (150 words) (98/20)
How is disagreement between the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly of a State in passing of an ordinary Bill resolved? (10/5)
Explain the constitutional provisions under which Legislative Councils are established. Review the working and current status of Legislative Councils with suitable illustrations. (250 words) (2021/15)
EXECUTIVE: STRUCTURE, ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONING OF THE EXECUTIVE — MINISTRIES AND DEPARTMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT
President
Powers of President
Describe briefly the legislative and executive powers of the President of India. Have there been any changes during the past decade? Offer your comments. (150 words) (81/20)
The Office of the President of India was designed on the British model. With this background, consider the modifications of the executive powers of the President by the 42nd Amendment 1976 and thereafter by the 44th Amendment 1978 to the Constitution of India. Comment on the changes. (150 words) (82/20)
To what extent does the President of India possess discretionary powers? If any, what are they? (87/20)
Discuss the powers of the President of India regarding the scheduled areas. (150 words) (91/20)
To what extent can the President withhold his assent to a Bill already passed by the Parliament? (20 words) (06/2)
Write on Pocket veto in about 20 words. (09/2)
In what ways can the President of India ascertain the views of the Supreme Court on a particular bill? (20 words) (05/2)
What are the exceptions when the President of India is not bound by the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers? (150 words) (07/15)
What categories of persons are nominated by the President to the Rajya Sabha? (86/3)
Pardoning Powers (Clemency), Death Sentence
Discuss the question of death sentence and Presidential clemency. (250 words) (03/30)
“The exercise of executive clemency is not a privilege but is based on several principles, and discretion has to be exercised in public considerations.’ Analyze this statement in the context of the judicial powers of the President of India. (11/20)
Instances of President’s delay in commuting death sentences have come under public debate as denial of justice. Should there be a time limit specified for the President to accept/reject such petitions? Analyze. (14/12.5)
Compare and contrast the President’s power to pardon in India and in the USA. Are there any limits to it in both the countries? What are ‘preemptive pardons’? (2025/10)
Ordinance
Write a note on the Ordinance making power of the President of India. (150 words) (86/20)
Comment on the nature of Ordinance-making power of the President of India. What safeguards are there against possible misuse? (150 words) (01/15)
Resorting to ordinances has always raised concern on violation of the spirit of separation of powers doctrine. While noting the rationales justifying the power to promulgate ordinances, analyze whether the decisions of the Supreme Court on the issue have further facilitated resorting to this power. Should the power to promulgate ordinances be repealed? (15/12.5)
Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature. (22/15)
Impeachment/Election of President
On what grounds can the President of India be Impeached? (84/3)
How are the President and the Vice President of India elected? What are the constitutional issues involved in their election? (About 250 words) (97/40)
What is the composition of the Electoral College for the election of the President of the Indian Republic? How is the value of votes cast counted? (250 words) (02/30)
How is the President of India elected? (07/2)
Determining the ‘value’ assigned to the vote of a Member of a State Legislative Assembly and of a Member of Parliament in the Indian Presidential elections. (12/2)
Critically examine the procedures through which the Presidents of India and France are elected. (22/15)
Vice-President
How is the Vice-President of India chosen? (81/3)
How is the Vice-President of India elected? (86/3)
How are the President and the Vice President of India elected? What are the constitutional issues involved in their election? (97/40)
How is the Vice-President of India elected? (99/3)
How is the Vice-President of India elected? (03/2)
Discuss the role of the Vice-President of India as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. (22/10)
Discuss the role of Presiding Officers of state legislatures in maintaining order and impartiality in conducting legislative work and in facilitating best democratic practices. (150 words) (2023/10)
Governor
Who is eligible to be appointed Governor of a State in India? (83/3)
How is the Governor of a State appointed in India? Does the manner of his appointment ensure his independent functioning? (150 words) (84/20)
Is there any provision to impeach the Governor of a State? (25 words) (99/3)
What were the two major considerations to have the Governor appointed and not elected? (08/2)
Role of Governor
When can the Governor of a State reserve a bill for consideration by the President? (84/3)
Examine the role and functions of the State Governors as set out in the Constitution of India. (88/20)
Explain the Nature and extent of discretionary Powers and special responsibilities of the Governor in the Indian Constitution? (150 words) (90/20)
When can the Governor of a State reserve a Bill for consideration by the President of India? (91/3)
“In India, though the Governor is the constitutional Head of a state just as the President of the country, the former may be enjoying more powers than the latter.” Do you agree? Give reasons. (250 words) (94/40)
Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature. (22/15)
Prime Minister
Distinguish between the Head of State and the Head of Government. Which of the two Offices is more important in India? (84/3)
Examine the constitutional relation between the President and the Prime Minister of India. (250 words) (91/40)
Distinguish between Care-taker Government and Minority Government. (91/3)
What is Caretaker Government? (00/2)
Do you justify the Prime Minister’s entry into Parliament through the Rajya Sabha? (20 words) (00/2)
Council of Ministers
To what authority is the Union Council of Ministers collectively responsible? (79/3)
Can a member of Parliament be the Minister of a State? (81/3)
What is meant by collective responsibility of Parliamentary democracy? (88/3)
State the difference between the Council of Ministers and the Cabinet. (92/3)
Explain the status of the Ministers known as ‘Ministers of State’. (95/3)
State the difference between Council of Ministers and the Cabinet. (20 words) (03/2)
What is the difference between Council of Ministers and Cabinet? (07/2)
The size of the cabinet should be as big as government work justifies and as big as the Prime Minister can manage as a team. How far is the efficacy of a government then inversely related to the size of the cabinet? Discuss. (14/12.5)
JUDICIARY: STRUCTURE, ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONING OF THE JUDICIARY
Issues Related to Judiciary
How are Chief Justices of High Courts in India appointed? (87/3)
Present your views for and against the creation of an All India Judicial Service. (150 words) (97/20)
Bring out the issues involved in the appointments and transfer of judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts in India. (50 words) (98/6)
How can a judge of the Supreme Court be removed? (20 words) (04/2)
Evolution of “Green Benches’ in our higher judiciary. (11/12)
Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on “National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India. (17/10)
Discuss the evolution of collegium system in India. Critically examine the advantages and disadvantages of the system of appointment of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India and that of the USA. (2025/15)
Role of Judiciary
Write short notes not exceeding 150 words on Role of the judiciary in India. (79/20)
Discuss the importance of the independence of judiciary in a democracy. (150 words) (84/20)
Explain the scope of the advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India. (150 words) (92/20)
What is the position of the Supreme Court under The Constitution of India? Discuss its role as a guardian of the Constitution. (About 250 words) (95/40)
What is the position of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of India? How far does it play its role as the guardian of the Constitution? (250 words) (02/30)
“Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is a prerequisite of democracy.” Comment. (2023/10)
Judicial Review, Activism
How will you define ‘judicial review’? (82/3)
What is meant by ‘Judicial Activism’? Evaluate its role in reducing corruption in public life. (About 100 words on each) (96/10)
Is it possible to distinguish between judicial review and judicial activism in India? Does the recent behavior of the Indian judiciary partake more of judicial activism? Argue with suitable examples. (250 words) (05/30)
What does ‘Judicial Activism’ mean? Evaluate its role in the context of the functioning of Indian polity. (250 words) (08/30)
Starting from inventing the “basic structure’ Doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive Role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving Democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the Role played by judicial activism in achieving the Ideals of democracy. (14/12.5)
What was held in the Coelho case? In this context, can you say that judicial review is of key importance amongst the basic features of the Constitution? (16/12.5)
PIL
What is the meaning of public interest litigation? (85/3)
What is public interest litigation? What are the circumstances contributing to its prominence in recent times? (86/15)
Explain Public Interest Litigation. Who can file it and on what basis can it be rejected by the Court of Law? (125 words) (00/10)
Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (250 words) (2020/15)
Explain the reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India. As a result of it, has the Indian Supreme Court emerged as the world’s most powerful judiciary? (2024/15)
Judgments
Evaluate the significance of Supreme Court judgement on the Income Tax Returns of political parties. (50 words) (96/6)
Discuss the propositions laid down by the Supreme Court of India in the context of Torture in Prisons and Human Dignity. (00/30)
Write short note on Ban on bar dancing. (05/2)
Write about Supreme Court on Ragging. (08/2)
Comparison
The judicial systems in India and UK seem to be converging as well as diverging in the recent times. Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence between the two nations in terms of their judicial practices. (150 words) (2020/10)
Tribunals and Lok Adalat
What is the ‘Parivarik Mahila Lok Adalat’? (12/5)
How far do you agree with the view that tribunals curtail the jurisdiction of ordinary courts? In view of the above, discuss the constitutional validity and competency of the tribunals in India. (18/15)
“The Central Administrative Tribunal which was established for redressal of grievances and complaints by or against central government employees, nowadays is exercising its powers as an independent judicial authority.” Explain. (19/10)
Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals. Whether they entertain civil as well as criminal cases? (2024/10)
Comment on the need of administrative tribunals as compared to the court system. Assess the impact of the recent tribunal reforms through rationalization of tribunals made in 2021. (2025/10)