1. Where are the Fundamental Rights enshrined in the Indian Constitution?
2. From where did the framers of the Constitution derive inspiration for Fundamental Rights?
3. What is Part III of the Constitution rightly described as?
4. How are the Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution described compared to other countries?
5. What is the purpose of Fundamental Rights in promoting political democracy?
6. What do Fundamental Rights prevent and protect against?
7. What do Fundamental Rights operate as?
8. What do Fundamental Rights aim at establishing?
9. Why are Fundamental Rights named so?
10. What was the original number of Fundamental Rights provided by the Constitution?
11. What are the six Fundamental Rights at present?
12. Which Fundamental Right was deleted from the list, and by which amendment?
13. What is the Right to Property now, and where is it placed in the Constitution?
14. What are the characteristics of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Constitution?
15. What does Article 14 deal with?
16. What does Article 15 deal with?
17. What does Article 16 deal with?
18. What does Article 17 deal with?
19. What does Article 18 deal with?
20. What does Article 19 deal with?
21. What does Article 20 deal with?
22. What does Article 21 deal with?
23. What does Article 21A deal with?
24. What does Article 22 deal with?
25. What does Article 23 deal with?
26. What does Article 24 deal with?
27. What does Article 25 deal with?
28. What does Article 26 deal with?
29. What does Article 27 deal with?
30. What does Article 28 deal with?
31. What does Article 29 deal with?
32. What does Article 30 deal with?
33. What does Article 32 deal with?
34. What is the concept of ‘equality before law’ of British origin based on?
35. What is the concept of ‘equal protection of laws’ taken from?
36. What are the three elements or aspects of A.V. Dicey’s concept of ‘Rule of Law’?
37. Which elements of Dicey’s Rule of Law are applicable to the Indian System?
38. What is the source of individual rights in the Indian System?
39. What did the Supreme Court hold regarding the ‘Rule of Law’ as embodied in Article 14?
40. What are the exceptions to the rule of equality before law?
41. What immunities do the President of India and the Governor of States enjoy under Article 361?
42. What does Article 31-C provide regarding laws made by the state?
43. What did the Supreme Court hold regarding Article 31-C and Article 14?
44. What does Article 15 provide for regarding discrimination?
45. What are the two crucial words in Article 15?
46. What does the word ‘discrimination’ mean in Article 15?
47. What does the use of the word ‘only’ connote in Article 15?
48. What does the second provision of Article 15 say regarding discrimination?
49. What are the four exceptions to the general rule of non-discrimination in Article 15?
52. What did the Supreme Court uphold in April 2008 regarding OBC reservation?
53. What did the Supreme Court direct regarding the ‘creamy layer’ among OBCs?
54. What does Article 15(1) deal with?
55. What does Article 15(2) deal with?
56. What does Article 15(3) deal with?
57. What does Article 15(4) deal with?
58. What does Article 15(5) deal with?
59. What does Article 15(6) deal with?
60. What is the definition of ‘family’ for the purpose of EWS reservation?
61. What does Article 16 provide for regarding public employment?
63. What did the Public Employment (Requirement as to Residence) Act of 1957 provide for?
64. What does Article 16(1) deal with?
65. What does Article 16(2) deal with?
66. What does Article 16(3) deal with?
67. What does Article 16(4) deal with?
68. What does Article 16(4A) deal with?
69. What does Article 16(4B) deal with?
70. What does Article 16(5) deal with?
71. What does Article 16(6) deal with?
72. When was the Mandal Commission appointed, and under whose chairmanship?
73. What was the mandate of the Mandal Commission?
74. How many castes did the Mandal Commission identify as socially and educationally backward?
75. What percentage of the population did these castes constitute?
76. What was the Mandal Commission’s recommendation for reservation in government jobs?
77. When did the V.P. Singh Government declare reservation of 27% government jobs for the OBCs?
78. What two changes did the Narasimha Rao Government introduce in 1991 regarding OBC reservation?
79. What was the Indra Sawhney case (1992) also called?
80. What did the Supreme Court uphold in the Indra Sawhney case regarding OBC reservation?
83. When was the National Commission for Backward Classes established, and by what means?
84. What was the mandate of the National Commission for Backward Classes?
85. What did the 102nd Amendment Act of 2018 confer on the National Commission for Backward Classes?
86. What did the 77th Amendment Act of 1995 provide for regarding reservation in promotions?
87. What did the 85th Amendment Act of 2001 provide for regarding consequential seniority?
88. What did the 81st Amendment Act of 2000 provide for regarding backlog vacancies?
89. What did the 76th Amendment Act of 1994 do regarding the Tamil Nadu Reservations Act of 1993?
92. What is the eligibility criteria for EWS reservation based on annual income?
93. What assets exclude persons from being identified as EWSs, irrespective of family income?
94. What happens if a family holds property in different locations for EWS determination?
95. What does Article 17 abolish and forbid?
96. What is the consequence of enforcing any disability arising out of untouchability?
97. When was the Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955, amended and renamed?
98. What does the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, define civil right as?
99. Has the term ‘untouchability’ been defined in the Constitution or the Act?
100. What did the Mysore High Court hold regarding the subject matter of Article 17?
102. What does Article 18 abolish?
103. What are the four provisions of Article 18 regarding titles?
104. What kind of hereditary titles of nobility are banned by Article 18?
105. What did the Supreme Court uphold in the Balaji Raghavan case (1995)?
106. What did the Supreme Court rule regarding these awards in relation to Article 18?
107. What did the Supreme Court rule regarding the use of National Awards?
108. When were these National Awards instituted?
109. When were the National Awards discontinued and revived?
110. How many Padma Awards can be given in a year?
111. What is the maximum number of Bharat Ratna Awards that can be given in a particular year?
112. What does Article 19 guarantee to all citizens?
113. What are the six rights guaranteed by Article 19?
114. Which right was deleted from Article 19 by the 44th Amendment Act of 1978?
115. Against whom are these six rights protected?
116. To whom are these rights available?
118. What does Freedom of Speech and Expression imply?
119. What does the Supreme Court hold the freedom of speech and expression includes?
121. What does Freedom of Assembly entitle every citizen to do?
125. What does Freedom of Association include?
127. Is the right to obtain recognition of the association a fundamental right?
129. What does Freedom of Movement entitle every citizen to do?
130. What is the purpose of the right to freedom of movement?
131. What are the two grounds for imposing reasonable restrictions on the freedom of movement?
132. What did the Supreme Court hold regarding the freedom of movement of prostitutes?
133. What did the Bombay High Court validate regarding restrictions on movement?
134. What are the two dimensions of the freedom of movement?
135. Which dimension does Article 19 protect?
136. Which Article deals with the second dimension of freedom of movement?
137. What are the two parts of the right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India?
138. What is the purpose of the right to residence?
141. What does Freedom of Profession, etc. entitle all citizens to do?
143. What does this right not include?
145. What does Article 20 grant protection against?
146. What are the three provisions in Article 20?
147. What is an ex-post-facto law?
148. What is the limitation imposed by the first provision of Article 20?
149. Does the protection (immunity) under this provision apply to preventive detention?
150. Where is the protection against double jeopardy available?
151. To what does the protection against self-incrimination extend?
152. To what does the protection against self-incrimination not extend?
153. To what kind of proceedings does the protection against self-incrimination extend?
154. What does Article 21 declare?
155. To whom is the right under Article 21 available?
156. What was the Supreme Court’s interpretation in the Gopalan case (1950) regarding Article 21?
157. What is the difference between ‘procedure established by law’ and ‘due process of law’?
158. What did the Supreme Court hold in the Maneka case (1978) regarding Article 21?
159. What did the Supreme Court introduce in the Maneka case regarding Article 21?
160. What rights has the Supreme Court declared as part of Article 21 in subsequent cases?
161. What did the Parliament enact in pursuance of Article 21A?
162. What does the RTE Act, 2009, seek to provide?
164. What does Article 22 grant protection to?
165. What are the two types of detention?
166. What is punitive detention?
167. What is preventive detention?
168. What are the two parts of Article 22?
170. To whom are these safeguards not available?
172. What does the second part of Article 22 grant protection to?
173. To whom is this protection available?
174. What are the provisions under the second part of Article 22 regarding preventive detention?
175. What does Article 22 authorise the Parliament to prescribe regarding preventive detention?
177. What is the current effective period for detention without an advisory board’s opinion?
178. How is the legislative power with regard to preventive detention divided?
179. What is the Parliament’s exclusive authority regarding preventive detention?
181. What are the preventive detention laws made by the Parliament?
183. What does Article 23 prohibit?
184. What is the consequence of contravention of Article 23?
185. To whom is the right under Article 23 available?
186. Against whom does Article 23 protect the individual?
187. What does the expression ‘traffic in human beings’ include?
188. What Act did Parliament implement to punish acts of ‘traffic in human beings’?
189. What does the term ‘begar’ mean?
190. What does the term ‘forced labour’ mean?
191. What laws were made to address forced labour?
192. What is the exception to Article 23?
193. What does Article 24 prohibit?
194. What is the most important law in the direction of prohibiting child employment?
195. What did the Supreme Court direct in 1996 regarding child labour?
196. What did the Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005, provide for?
198. What did the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016, do?
200. What are the implications of Article 25?
201. Does the right to propagate include a right to convert another person to one’s own religion?
202. What do Article 25 rights cover?
203. To whom are these rights available?
204. What are the limitations on these rights?
205. What is the State permitted to do regarding religious practice?
206. What two explanations does Article 25 contain regarding the Sikh religion and Hindus?
207. What does Article 26 guarantee to every religious denomination or any of its section?
208. What is the difference between Article 25 and Article 26 in terms of guaranteed rights?
209. What are the limitations on the rights under Article 26?
210. What three conditions did the Supreme Court hold a religious denomination must satisfy?
211. What did the Supreme Court hold regarding ‘Ramakrishna Mission’ and ‘Ananda Marga’?
212. What did the Supreme Court hold regarding Aurobindo Society?
213. What does Article 27 lay down regarding taxation for promotion of a religion?
214. What does this provision prohibit the State from doing?
215. Can taxes be used for the promotion or maintenance of all religions?
216. Does this provision prohibit the levy of a fee?
217. Why is the levy of a fee permitted?
218. What does Article 28 state regarding religious instruction in educational institutions?
219. What are the exceptions to this provision?
221. What is required in case of a minor?
222. What are the four types of educational institutions distinguished by Article 28?
223. In which type of institution is religious instruction completely prohibited?
224. In which type of institution is religious instruction permitted?
225. In which types of institutions is religious instruction permitted on a voluntary basis?
226. What does Article 29 provide for regarding the interests of minorities?
227. What does Article 29 state regarding admission to educational institutions?
228. What does the first provision of Article 29 protect?
229. What does the second provision of Article 29 guarantee?
230. To whom does Article 29 grant protection?
231. What did the Supreme Court hold regarding the scope of Article 29?
232. What did the Supreme Court hold regarding the right to conserve language?
233. What does Article 30 grant to minorities?
235. What is the scope of protection under Article 30?
236. Has the term ‘minority’ been defined anywhere in the Constitution?
237. What does the right under Article 30 also include?
238. What are the three types of minority educational institutions?
239. What is the applicability of state regulatory power to these institutions?
241. What is the purpose of the right conferred on minorities under Article 30?
242. Do general laws of the land apply to minority institutions?
243. Is the right to establish and administer educational institutions absolute?
244. What kind of measures can the State impose on minority institutions?
246. Does the extension of aid by the State alter the nature of minority educational institutions?
247. What does Article 32 confer?
248. What did Dr. Ambedkar call Article 32?
249. What has the Supreme Court ruled regarding Article 32?
250. What are the four provisions contained in Article 32?
251. What can the President suspend during a national emergency regarding fundamental rights?
252. What is the Supreme Court’s role regarding fundamental rights?
253. What kind of powers is the Supreme Court vested with?
254. What is the purpose of Article 32?
255. What is the sine qua non for the exercise of the right conferred by Article 32?
257. What is the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in case of enforcement of Fundamental Rights?
258. What is the jurisdiction of the high court under Article 226?
259. What is the Supreme Court’s ruling regarding alternative remedies under Article 226?
260. What are the five types of writs that the Supreme Court and high courts can issue?
261. What are these writs known as in English law?
262. What does Habeas Corpus literally mean?
263. What is the purpose of the writ of Habeas Corpus?
264. What is the writ of Habeas Corpus a bulwark of?
265. Against whom can the writ of Habeas Corpus be issued?
266. When is the writ of Habeas Corpus not issued?
267. What does Mandamus literally mean?
268. What is the purpose of the writ of Mandamus?
269. Against whom can the writ of Mandamus not be issued?
270. What does Prohibition literally mean?
271. What is the purpose of the writ of Prohibition?
272. What is the difference between Mandamus and Prohibition?
273. Against whom can the writ of Prohibition be issued?
274. What does Certiorari literally mean?
275. What is the purpose of the writ of Certiorari?
276. On what grounds is the writ of Certiorari issued?
277. What is the difference in application stages between the writs of Prohibition and Certiorari?
278. Against whom could the writ of Certiorari be issued initially, and what changed later?
279. What does Quo-Warranto literally mean?
280. What is the purpose of the writ of Quo-Warranto?
281. In what cases can the writ of Quo-Warranto be issued?
282. In what cases can the writ of Quo-Warranto not be issued?
283. Who can seek the writ of Quo-Warranto?
284. What does Article 33 empower the Parliament to do?
285. What is the objective of Article 33?
286. Who has the power to make laws under Article 33?
287. Can a law made by Parliament under Article 33 be challenged in any court?
288. What are some of the laws enacted by Parliament under Article 33?
289. What does the expression ‘members of the armed forces’ cover?
291. What does Article 34 provide for?
292. What does Article 34 empower the Parliament to do regarding acts done during martial law?
293. Can an Act of Indemnity made by the Parliament be challenged in any court?
294. From where has the concept of martial law been borrowed in India?
295. Has the expression ‘martial law’ been defined anywhere in the Constitution?
296. What does ‘military rule’ refer to?
297. What is the difference between martial law and military law?
298. What are the extraordinary circumstances under which martial law is imposed?
299. What are the differences between Martial Law and National Emergency?
300. What does Article 35 lay down?
301. What is the purpose of Article 35?
302. What are the provisions contained in Article 35?
303. What does Article 35 extend the competence of the Parliament to do?
304. What was the original status of the right to property?
305. What articles dealt with the right to property?
306. What did Article 19(1)(f) guarantee?
307. What did Article 31 guarantee?
308. What were the two conditions for the State to acquire or requisition property under Article 31?
310. What has the Right to Property led to?
312. What did the 44th Amendment Act of 1978 do to the right to property?
314. What is the current status of the right to property?
315. What are the implications of the right to property as a legal right?
317. Which amendment added the first provision (minority educational institution property)?
318. Which amendment added the second provision (land under personal cultivation)?
319. What articles have been retained as exceptions to the fundamental rights?
320. What does Article 31A save five categories of laws from?
321. What are the five categories of laws saved by Article 31A?
322. When does Article 31A not immunise a state law from judicial review?
323. What does Article 31B save?
324. How does the scope of Article 31B compare to Article 31A?
326. What did the Supreme Court clarify in the Waman Rao case (1980)?
327. What did the Supreme Court reaffirm in the I.R. Coelho case (2007)?
328. What did the Court say regarding judicial review as a basic feature?
330. What does Article 31C, inserted by the 25th Amendment Act of 1971, contain?
332. How did the 42nd Amendment Act (1976) extend the scope of Article 31C?
333. What was the effect of this extension?
334. What did the Supreme Court declare in the Minerva Mills case (1980) regarding this extension?
339. What are the criticisms of the Fundamental Rights?
340. Why are Fundamental Rights criticized for Excessive Limitations?
341. What did Jaspat Roy Kapoor suggest renaming the chapter on fundamental rights to?
342. Why are Fundamental Rights criticized for No Social and Economic Rights?
343. Why are Fundamental Rights criticized for No Clarity?
344. What did Sir Ivor Jennings call the Constitution of India due to its complicated language?
345. Why are Fundamental Rights criticized for No Permanency?
346. What is the only limitation on Parliament’s authority to curtail or abolish fundamental rights?
347. Why are Fundamental Rights criticized for Suspension During Emergency?
348. Why are Fundamental Rights criticized for being an Expensive Remedy?
349. Why are Fundamental Rights criticized for the provision of Preventive Detention?
350. Why are Fundamental Rights criticized for No Consistent Philosophy?
351. What are the significant aspects of Fundamental Rights despite criticisms?
352. What are the rights outside Part III of the Constitution known as?
353. What does Article 265 (in Part XII) deal with?
354. What does Article 300-A (in Part XII) deal with?
355. What does Article 301 (in Part XIII) deal with?
356. What does Article 326 (in Part XV) deal with?
357. How do these rights outside Part III differ from Fundamental Rights in terms of enforcement?
358. What does Article 12 deal with?
359. What does Article 13 deal with?
360. What does Article 14 deal with?
361. What does Article 15 deal with?
362. What does Article 16 deal with?
363. What does Article 17 deal with?
364. What does Article 18 deal with?
365. What does Article 19 deal with?
366. What does Article 20 deal with?
367. What does Article 21 deal with?
368. What does Article 21A deal with?
369. What does Article 22 deal with?
370. What does Article 23 deal with?
371. What does Article 24 deal with?
372. What does Article 25 deal with?
373. What does Article 26 deal with?
374. What does Article 27 deal with?
375. What does Article 28 deal with?
376. What does Article 29 deal with?
377. What does Article 30 deal with?
378. What does Article 31 deal with?
379. What does Article 31A deal with?
380. What does Article 31B deal with?
381. What does Article 31C deal with?
382. What does Article 31D deal with?
383. What does Article 32 deal with?
384. What does Article 32A deal with?
385. What does Article 33 deal with?
386. What does Article 34 deal with?
387. What does Article 35 deal with?
389. What case is Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala?
390. What did Dicey observe about the Rule of Law?
391. What was added by the First Amendment Act of 1951?
392. What did Article 371D provide for?
393. What did the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, do regarding Article 371D?
394. When was the first Backward Classes Commission appointed, and under whose chairmanship?
395. What did the Supreme Court rule in 1963 regarding job reservation?
396. What case is Indra Sawhney vs. Union of India?
398. What case is People’s Union for Democratic Rights vs. Union of India?
399. What case is Balaji Raghavan vs. Union of India?
400. What was the provision for “co-operative societies” made by?
401. What case is Anuradha Bhasin vs. Union of India?
402. What case is A K Gopalan vs. State of Madras?
403. What case is Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India?
404. What case is Unni Krishnan vs. State of Andhra Pradesh?
405. What case is Mohini Jain vs. State of Karnataka?
406. What was the Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls Act, 1956, originally known as?
407. What does the clause in Article 25 mean by ‘Hindus’?
408. What case is Secretary of the Malankara Syrian Catholic College vs. T. Jose?
409. What was the second provision added by the 15th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1963?
411. What does the expression ‘estate’ include?
412. What was added by the 1st Constitutional Amendment Act of 1951 along with the Ninth Schedule?
413. What case is Waman Rao vs. Union of India?
414. What case is I.R. Coelho vs. State of Tamil Nadu?
415. What does Article 39 (b) say?
416. What does Article 39 (c) say?