1. Which Articles in the Constitution deal with the property, contracts, rights, liabilities, obligations, and suits of the Union and the states?
2. How are the Union and the states regarded in terms of legal personality for these purposes?
3. What happened to the property and assets vested in the Dominion of India, provinces, or Indian princely states before the Constitution’s commencement?
4. What happened to the rights, liabilities, and obligations of the government of the Dominion of India, provinces, or Indian states?
5. What is “Escheat” in the context of property accruing to the government?
6. What is “Lapse” in the context of property accruing to the government?
7. What is “Bona Vacantia” in the context of property accruing to the government?
8. When does property accrue to the state versus the Union in cases of escheat, lapse, or bona vacantia?
9. What sea-wealth vests in the Union of India?
10. Can a state near the ocean claim jurisdiction over sea-wealth?
11. To what distance do India’s territorial waters extend from the baseline?
12. To what distance does India’s exclusive economic zone extend?
13. Who is empowered to make laws for the compulsory acquisition and requisitioning of private property?
14. What change did the 44th Amendment Act (1978) make regarding compensation for compulsory acquisition of private property?
15. In which two cases is the government constitutionally obligated to pay compensation for acquiring private property after the 44th Amendment Act (1978)?
16. Can the Union or a state acquire, hold, and dispose of property under the exercise of its executive power?
17. What does Article 300 of the Constitution lay down regarding suits by or against the Government in India?
18. How does the Constitution (Article 300) define the extent of governmental liability in suits?
19. Has any law been enacted by Parliament or a state legislature to further define governmental liability in suits?
20. In the pre-Constitution period, was the government suable for contracts and torts?
21. What three conditions must be fulfilled for contracts entered into by the Union or a state under executive power to be valid?
22. What is the consequence if these conditions for contracts are not complied with?
23. Are the president or governor personally liable for contracts executed in their name?
24. Does the personal immunity of the president or governor immunize the government from contractual liability?
25. What was the East India Company’s liability for its functions as a trader versus a sovereign?
26. What English Common Law maxim was the basis for the Company’s immunity in sovereign functions?
27. Has the traditional immunity of the State (Crown) in Britain from legal liability for its actions been done away with?
28. What is the current position in India regarding the government’s liability for torts committed by its officials?
29. Which famous case (1861) established the distinction between sovereign and non-sovereign functions of the Government in India?
30. Which Supreme Court case (1964) reaffirmed the distinction between sovereign and non-sovereign functions in the post-independence era?
31. What did the Supreme Court rule in the Nagendra Rao case (1994) regarding the doctrine of sovereign immunity?
32. What functions are considered primary and inalienable functions of a constitutional Government for which the State cannot claim immunity?
33. Did the Supreme Court overrule its judgment in the Kasturilal case (1964) in the Nagendra Rao case (1994)?
34. What did the Supreme Court rule in the Common Cause case (1999) regarding the doctrine of sovereign immunity?
35. What did the Supreme Court rule in the Prisoner’s Murder case (2000) regarding the Kasturilal case?
36. What immunities does the Constitution confer upon the President of India and Governors of states with regard to their official acts?
37. Can the official conduct of the President be reviewed by a court or tribunal?
38. Can criminal proceedings be started against the President and Governors for their personal acts?
39. Can civil proceedings be started against the President and Governors for their personal acts?
40. Does the Constitution grant immunity to ministers for their official acts?
41. Are ministers liable in courts for official acts done by the President and Governors on their advice?
42. Do ministers enjoy immunity for their personal acts?
43. Do judicial officers enjoy immunity from liability for their official acts?
44. What does the Judicial Officers Protection Act (1850) lay down?
45. Are civil servants personally liable for official contracts they make?
46. Under what condition is a civil servant personally liable for a contract?
47. Do civil servants enjoy immunity from legal liability for their tortious acts?
48. What is the liability of civil servants for torts or illegal acts in other cases (non-sovereign functions)?
49. Can civil proceedings be instituted against civil servants for acts done in their official capacity?
50. Is advance notice required for civil proceedings against civil servants for acts done outside the scope of their official duties?
51. Can criminal proceedings be instituted against civil servants for acts done in their official capacity?
52. What is the subject matter of Article 294?
53. What is the subject matter of Article 295?
54. What is the subject matter of Article 296?
55. What is the subject matter of Article 297?
56. What is the subject matter of Article 298?
57. What is the subject matter of Article 299?
58. What is the subject matter of Article 300?
59. What is the subject matter of Article 361?
60. Which Act passed by Parliament after the 40th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, deals with Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, and Exclusive Economic Zone?
61. Which Amendment Act added the first provision regarding compensation for property acquisition?
62. Which Amendment Act added the second provision regarding compensation for property acquisition?