Chapter 38 Lok Adalat’s and Other Courts

134. Which Article of the Constitution provides for free legal aid to the poor and weaker sections of society?

135. Which Articles of the Constitution make it obligatory for the State to ensure equality before law and a legal system promoting justice?

136. When was the Legal Services Authorities Act enacted by Parliament, and when did it come into force?

137. What was the purpose of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987?

138. Which body was constituted under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, and what are its functions?

139. What bodies have been constituted at the state, high court, district, and taluk levels to give effect to NALSA’s policies?

140. Which body administers and implements the legal services program related to the Supreme Court of India?

141. What are the main functions that State Legal Services Authorities, District Legal Services Authorities, and Taluk Legal Services Committees are asked to discharge?

142. What do free legal services include?

143. Who are the persons eligible for getting free legal services?

144. What is a Lok Adalat?

145. What does the word ‘Lok Adalat’ mean?

146. On what principles is the Lok Adalat system based?

147. What is the Lok Adalat a component of?

148. What is the primary purpose of Lok Adalats in the context of the Indian judicial system?

149. What is the outcome of Lok Adalat proceedings regarding victors and vanquished?

150. When and where was the first Lok Adalat camp in the post-independence era organized?

151. What was the status of the Lok Adalat institution before the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987?

152. When did the Lok Adalat institution receive statutory status?

153. What bodies are authorized to organize Lok Adalats?

154. What is the typical composition of a Lok Adalat?

155. What is the jurisdiction of a Lok Adalat?

156. What types of offences fall outside the purview of the Lok Adalat?

157. Under what circumstances can a pending court case be referred to a Lok Adalat for settlement?

158. How can a pre-litigation dispute be referred to a Lok Adalat?

159. What powers does a Lok Adalat have similar to a Civil Court under the Code of Civil Procedure (1908)?

160. What is the finality of an award made by a Lok Adalat?

161. Can an appeal be filed against an award made by a Lok Adalat?

162. What are the three types of Lok Adalats?

163. What types of cases are settled in National Lok Adalats and State Lok Adalats?

164. What are National Lok Adalats?

165. When did National Lok Adalats start being held on a specific subject matter every month?

166. What are State Lok Adalats also known as, and what are their classifications?

167. What is a Continuous Lok Adalat?

168. How often are Daily Lok Adalats organized?

169. What is a Mobile Lok Adalat?

170. What is a Mega Lok Adalat?

171. What are the benefits of Lok Adalats according to the Supreme Court?

172. What are the advantages of ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) as summarized by the Law Commission of India?

173. When was the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, amended to provide for the establishment of Permanent Lok Adalats?

174. What is the purpose of Permanent Lok Adalats?

175. What is the composition of a Permanent Lok Adalat?

176. What is the pecuniary jurisdiction of the Permanent Lok Adalat?

177. How was the pecuniary jurisdiction of the Permanent Lok Adalat changed in 2015?

178. Does the Permanent Lok Adalat have jurisdiction over matters relating to non-compoundable offences?

179. When can a party make an application to the Permanent Lok Adalat for settlement?

180. What happens if a party makes an application to the Permanent Lok Adalat?

181. What happens if parties to a dispute reach an agreement in a Permanent Lok Adalat?

182. What happens if parties to a dispute fail to reach an agreement in a Permanent Lok Adalat?

183. What is the finality of an award made by a Permanent Lok Adalat?

184. When was the Family Courts Act enacted, and what was its purpose?

185. What were some of the reasons for establishing Family Courts?

186. What is a salient feature of the Family Courts Act, 1984, regarding establishment?

187. What is the obligatory requirement for State Governments regarding Family Courts?

188. What matters fall exclusively within the jurisdiction of Family Courts?

189. What is the primary endeavor of the Family Court during a family dispute?

190. What is the nature of proceedings during the reconciliation stage in Family Courts?

191. What does the Family Courts Act provide for during the conciliation stage?

192. Are parties to a dispute before a Family Court entitled to be represented by a legal practitioner as of right?

193. Can a Family Court seek assistance from a legal expert?

194. How does the Family Courts Act simplify rules of evidence and procedure?

195. How many rights of appeal are provided for under the Family Courts Act?

196. When was the Gram Nyayalayas Act enacted, and what was its purpose?

197. What is the constitutional directive that supports the establishment of Gram Nyayalayas?

198. What did the Law Commission of India recommend in its 114th Report?

199. What is the nature of a Gram Nyayalaya court and who appoints its presiding officer?

200. Where are Gram Nyayalayas established?

201. What is the status of the Nyayadhikaris presiding over Gram Nyayalayas?

202. What type of court is a Gram Nyayalaya and what powers does it exercise?

203. Where is the seat of the Gram Nyayalaya located, and how does it operate?

204. What types of cases do Gram Nyayalayas try?

205. Who has the power to amend the First and Second Schedules of the Gram Nyayalayas Act?

206. What procedure does the Gram Nyayalaya follow in criminal trials?

207. What powers does the Gram Nyayalaya exercise in civil cases, and what procedure does it follow?

208. What is the primary aim of the Gram Nyayalaya regarding disputes?

209. What is the finality of a judgment and order passed by the Gram Nyayalaya?

210. Is the Gram Nyayalaya bound by the rules of evidence provided in the Indian Evidence Act, 1872?

211. Where does an appeal in criminal cases from a Gram Nyayalaya lie, and within what timeframe must it be disposed of?

212. Where does an appeal in civil cases from a Gram Nyayalaya lie, and within what timeframe must it be disposed of?

213. Can a person accused of an offence file an application for plea bargaining in a Gram Nyayalaya?

214. Who is responsible for establishing Gram Nyayalayas?

215. Is the setting-up of Gram Nyayalayas mandatory for State Governments?

216. What are some of the issues indicated by States that hinder the operationalization of Gram Nyayalayas?

217. What was decided at the Conference of Chief Justices of High Courts and Chief Ministers of the States in April 2013 regarding Gram Nyayalayas?

218. When was the Commercial Courts Act enacted, and what was its purpose?

219. How is a ‘commercial dispute’ defined under the Commercial Courts Act, 2015?

220. What was one of the main reasons for establishing Commercial Courts?

221. What did the Law Commission of India recommend in its 253rd Report regarding commercial disputes?

222. What is a salient feature of the Commercial Courts Act regarding the establishment of Commercial Courts at the District level?

223. What is a salient feature of the Commercial Courts Act regarding the designation of Commercial Appellate Courts?

224. What is a salient feature of the Commercial Courts Act regarding the constitution of Commercial Division in High Courts?

225. What is a salient feature of the Commercial Courts Act regarding the constitution of Commercial Appellate Division?

226. What was the specified value of commercial disputes under the Commercial Courts Act, and how was it reduced in 2018?

227. What provision is made for compulsory mediation before instituting a suit under the Commercial Courts Act?

228. What authorities can the Central Government empower for the purposes of pre-institution mediation?