1. What is the American Constitution?
2. When was the American Constitution adopted and when did it come into force?
3. What are the salient features of the American Constitution?
4. How is the American Constitution described in terms of its written nature?
5. What is the composition of the American Constitution document?
6. How is the American Constitution described in terms of its flexibility?
7. How can the American Constitution be amended?
8. What are the two methods for amending the American Constitution?
9. How many times has the American Constitution been amended since its promulgation in 1789?
10. How is the USA described in terms of its federal structure?
11. What does the American Constitution provide for regarding the division of powers?
12. How are powers distributed between the Centre and States in the American Constitution?
13. What form of government does the American Constitution provide for?
14. What are the features of the American Presidential system of Government?
15. What is the basis of the American constitutional system?
16. How are legislative, executive, and judicial powers vested in the American Government?
17. What do Articles I, II, and III of the Constitution state about the vesting of powers?
18. What is the system of checks and balances in the American Constitution?
20. What principle does the American Constitution embody regarding laws?
21. How is the written Constitution regarded in the American system?
23. How does the Supreme Court act as the custodian of the Constitution?
24. What is the Bill of Rights in the American Constitution?
25. What does the Bill of Rights state about deprivation of life, liberty, and property?
26. How does the Supreme Court protect the rights guaranteed by the Bill of Rights?
27. When was the Bill of Rights added to the original Constitution?
28. What is the nature of the American Federal Legislature?
29. What is the composition and term of the Senate?
30. What is the composition and term of the House of Representatives?
31. Which chamber of the American Congress is more powerful?
32. What is the mode of election for the American President as per the Constitution?
34. What is the composition of the electoral college for the American President?
35. What is the minimum number of votes a candidate needs to win the Presidential election?
36. Are the members of the electoral college also members of the Congress?
37. What happens if no candidate secures the requisite majority in the Presidential election?
38. How many times has the House of Representatives elected the President?
39. What are the three qualifications for a candidate for the American Presidency?
40. What is the fixed tenure of the American President?
41. Is the American President eligible for re-election?
42. What did the 22nd Amendment Act of 1951 fix regarding the maximum total term for any President?
43. When does the Presidential term of four years begin?
45. Which body initiates the impeachment proceedings against the American President?
46. Which body tries the impeachment case against the American President, and who presides over it?
47. What is the outcome if the Senate passes the impeachment resolution?
48. Has any American President ever been removed by impeachment?
49. How many impeachment attempts have there been against American Presidents?
50. How is the American presidency regarded in the world?
51. What did Lord Bryce regard the American presidency as?
52. What did Munro observe about the American President’s authority?
53. What did Ogg regard the American President as?
54. What did Harold Laski remark about the American President?
56. What is the President’s role regarding the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties?
57. What is the President’s role regarding the armed forces?
58. What appointments does the President make?
59. What is the President’s role in foreign policy and affairs?
60. What power does the President have regarding pardons and reprieves?
62. What is a “Qualified Veto”?
64. What can the President send to Congress regarding legislative measures?
65. What power does the President have regarding special sessions of Congress?
66. What is the President’s role regarding the national budget?
67. What power does the President have to make rules and regulations?
68. What power does the President have regarding adjournment of Congress?
69. What is the British Constitution?
70. When were England and Wales united, and when was the state of Great Britain formed?
71. When was the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland formed?
72. How is the British constitutional system described in terms of its age and democratic nature?
73. What is the British Constitution often called?
74. What is the blend of the British Constitution?
75. What are the salient features of the British Constitution?
76. How is the British Constitution described in terms of its written nature?
77. How is the British Constitution described in terms of its origin?
79. What are the five elements or sources of the British Constitution?
80. What are Conventions in the British Constitution?
81. How do Conventions differ from laws in Britain?
82. What are some well-known conventions in Britain?
83. What are Great Charters in the British Constitution?
84. What are some important Great Charters in Britain?
85. What are Statutes in the British Constitution?
86. What are some important statutes in Britain?
87. What is Common Law in the British Constitution?
88. How did Dr. Ogg define common law?
89. What are Legal Commentaries in the British Constitution?
90. What are some popular legal commentaries on the British Constitution?
91. How is the British Constitution described in terms of its flexibility?
92. How is the British Constitution amended?
93. Is there a legal distinction between constitutional law and ordinary law in Great Britain?
94. How is Great Britain described in terms of its state structure?
95. How are governmental powers vested in a unitary state like Great Britain?
96. What is the relationship between the Central Government and local governments in Great Britain?
97. What form of government does the British Constitution provide for?
98. What are the features of the British Parliamentary system of Government?
99. What does “Sovereignty of Parliament” mean in the British constitutional system?
100. What are the three implications of the principle of Sovereignty of Parliament?
101. What did De Lolme say about the British Parliament’s power?
102. What is the Rule of Law in the British constitutional system?
104. How is Great Britain described in terms of its monarchy?
105. Who is the head of the state in Great Britain?
106. What is the distinction between the Crown and the King?
107. What is the composition of the British Parliament?
108. How is the House of Lords composed?
109. How is the House of Commons composed?
110. Which House of the British Parliament is more important and powerful?
111. What is the composition of the British Cabinet?
112. What are some of the members included in the British Cabinet?
113. Which officials are not members of the British Cabinet?
114. What is the relationship between the Cabinet and the Privy Council?
115. How was the relationship between the Prime Minister and the Cabinet described in the past?
116. How has the Prime Minister’s role evolved in recent times?
117. What do later political analysts call the British Cabinet Government?
118. What is the Shadow Cabinet in the British Cabinet system?
119. How is the Shadow Cabinet organized and what is its function?
120. What does Ivor Jennings call the leader of the opposition?
121. What is the status and pay of the leader of the opposition?
122. What was the impact of the French Revolution (1789–1799) on the French constitutional system?
123. How many Constitutions has France adopted since the revolution?
124. When did the present French Constitution (Fifth Republic) come into force?
125. Who prepared the present French Constitution?
126. What was the design objective of the present French Constitution?
127. What are the salient features of the French Constitution?
128. How is the French Constitution described in terms of its written nature?
129. What is the composition of the French Constitution?
130. What is the motto of the Fifth Republic as declared in the French Constitution?
131. What does the French Constitution state about France’s nature?
132. How is the French Constitution described in terms of its flexibility?
133. What is the special procedure for amending the French Constitution?
134. Is the republican form of government in France subject to amendment?
135. How is France described in terms of its state structure?
136. How are powers vested in the French unitary state?
137. What is the relationship between the Central Government and local governments in France?
138. What form of government does the French Constitution provide for?
139. What are the characteristics of the French executive?
141. What is the composition of the French Parliament?
142. What is the composition and term of the National Assembly?
143. What is the composition and term of the Senate?
144. Which house of the French Parliament is more dominant and powerful?
145. What is a “Rationalised Parliament” as established by the French Constitution?
146. What was the purpose of imposing limitations on parliamentary authority in France?
147. What is the Constitutional Council in France?
148. What is the function of the Constitutional Council?
149. Does the Constitution of France recognize political parties?
150. What does the French Constitution state about political parties?
151. What was the original mode of election for the French President?
152. How was the French Constitution amended in 1962 regarding the President’s election?
153. What is required for a candidate to win the French Presidential election?
154. What is the term of office for the French President?
155. Is the French President eligible for re-election?
156. Does the French Constitution prescribe any qualifications for the Presidential office?
157. What happens if the presidency falls vacant?
159. How is the French President described in terms of his position in the government system?
161. What is the President’s role in the Council of Ministers’ meetings?
162. What appointments does the President make in civil and military posts?
163. What is the President’s role regarding the armed forces?
164. What is the President’s role in international relations?
165. What is the President’s role regarding national defence councils and committees?
166. What is the President’s role regarding the French community?
167. What appointments does the President make to the Constitutional Council?
168. What is the President’s role regarding the promulgation of laws?
169. What can the President send to Parliament and summon its sessions?
170. What can the President submit to a referendum?
171. What is the President’s role regarding ordinances and decrees?
172. What power does the President have regarding pardons?
173. What is the President’s role regarding the Higher Council of the judiciary?
174. What is the President’s role regarding the independence of the judicial authority?
175. What special powers is the President vested with to deal with emergencies?
176. What power does the President have to dissolve the National Assembly?
177. What are the two limitations on the President’s power to dissolve the National Assembly?
178. What was the Meiji Constitution based on, and for how long did it remain in force?
179. Under whose direction did Japan adopt a new democratic Constitution after World War II?
180. When did the new and present Constitution of Japan become operative?
181. What are the two popular names for the present Constitution of Japan?
184. What are the salient features of the present Constitution of Japan?
185. How is the Japanese Constitution described in terms of its written nature?
186. What is the composition of the Japanese Constitution?
187. What is the unique blend of the Japanese Constitution?
188. What principle does the Preamble of the Japanese Constitution emphasize?
189. How is the Japanese Constitution described in terms of its flexibility?
190. What is the special procedure for amending the Japanese Constitution?
191. Has the Japanese Constitution ever been amended?
192. How is Japan described in terms of its state structure?
193. What is the relationship between the Central and provincial Governments in Japan?
194. What form of government does Japan prefer?
195. What are the features of the Japanese Parliamentary system of Government?
196. What are the four differences between the Japanese and British Parliamentary systems?
197. How is Japan described in terms of its monarchy?
198. What is the Emperor’s role in the Japanese Constitution?
199. What acts of the Emperor require the advice and approval of the Cabinet?
200. Does the Emperor have powers related to Government?
201. Can the Emperor receive imperial property without the authorisation of the Diet?
202. How is the Emperor’s authority described in the Japanese Constitution?
203. What principle does the Japanese Constitution establish regarding laws?
205. How does the American principle of judicial review compare to Japan’s?
207. What does the Japanese Constitution provide for regarding Fundamental Rights?
208. How does the judiciary protect fundamental rights in Japan?
209. How do the Japanese Fundamental Rights compare to the American Bill of Rights?
211. What are some of the rights provided for in the Japanese Constitution?
212. What is the most peculiar and controversial feature of the Japanese Constitution?
213. What does the Japanese Constitution prohibit regarding military forces?
214. What term is used for Japan’s defence capabilities to make it constitutionally correct?
215. What is the composition of the Japanese Diet?
216. What is the composition and term of the House of Councillors?
217. How are the members of the House of Councillors elected?
218. What is the composition and term of the House of Representatives?
219. Which House of the Japanese Diet has more powers?
220. What is the highest organ of state power and sole law-making organ of the state in Japan?
221. When was the state of the USSR formed, and what was the Bolshevik Revolution?
222. When did the USSR collapse?
223. What was the goal of the socialist state created by the Russian Revolution of October 1917?
224. How many Constitutions did the USSR adopt since its formation in 1917?
225. What was the basis of the constitutional system of the USSR?
226. What was the defining feature of the politico-administrative system of the USSR?
227. What are the salient features of the Soviet Constitution of 1977?
228. How is the Soviet Constitution described in terms of its written nature?
229. Who headed the committee that drafted the Soviet Constitution of 1977?
230. What is the composition of the Soviet Constitution of 1977?
231. How is the Soviet Constitution described in terms of its flexibility?
232. How could the Soviet Constitution be amended?
233. How is the Soviet Constitution described in terms of its socialist nature?
234. What did the Soviet Constitution state about the foundation of the economic system of the USSR?
235. What kind of state did the Soviet Constitution provide for?
236. How were powers divided between the Centre and the units in the Soviet Federation?
237. Did the Union Republics have their own Constitutions and the right to secede?
238. What were the sub-federations within the Soviet Federation called?
239. What was the USSR called in terms of its federal structure?
240. What form of government did the Soviet Constitution provide for?
241. What was the relationship between the Council of Ministers and the Supreme Soviet in the USSR?
242. What was the Council of Ministers called in the USSR Constitution?
243. What was the composition of the legislature in the USSR?
244. What was the composition and term of the two houses of the Supreme Soviet?
245. How did the two houses of the Supreme Soviet represent the nation and units?
246. What powers did the two houses of the Supreme Soviet have?
247. What was the Presidium in the Soviet constitutional system?
248. What was the composition of the Presidium?
249. Who was the formal head of the State of the USSR?
250. How was the Presidium described due to its functions and plural character?
251. What was the most important feature of the constitutional system of the USSR?
252. What did the Soviet Constitution state about the CPSU’s role?
253. What principle did the Chinese constitution declare for state institutions?
254. What are the characteristics of democratic centralism as applied to state institutions?
255. What did the Soviet Constitution provide for regarding Fundamental Rights?
256. What was the nature of the fundamental rights granted in the USSR?
257. What are some of the fundamental rights provided by the Soviet Constitution?
258. What did the Soviet Constitution provide for in addition to fundamental rights?
260. What are some of the fundamental duties contained in the Soviet Constitution?
261. What was the largest constituent unit of the former USSR?
262. When did Russia adopt a new Constitution after the dissolution of the USSR?
263. What are the salient features of the Russian Constitution?
264. What does the Russian Constitution declare Russia to be?
265. What kind of state does the Russian Constitution provide for?
266. What is the composition of the Russian Federation?
267. What kind of order does the Russian Constitution establish, and what does it guarantee?
268. What kind of party system does the Russian Constitution introduce?
269. How is State power divided in Russia?
270. What is the composition of the Russian bicameral legislature?
271. What is the composition and term of the Federation Council?
272. What is the composition and term of the State Duma?
273. Who is declared the head of the State in the Russian Federation?
274. What is the term for the Russian President?
275. What are the roles of the Russian President?
277. What power does the Russian President have regarding the Prime Minister and Federal Ministers?
278. What does the Russian Constitution provide for regarding a constitutional court?
279. What is the function of the Russian constitutional court?
280. How can the Russian President be removed by the legislature?
281. When was the People’s Republic of China formed, and under whose leadership?
282. How many constitutions has China adopted since 1949?
283. Which body drafted the fourth and present constitution of 1982?
284. When was the draft constitution of 1982 adopted and promulgated?
285. What are the salient features of the Chinese Constitution of 1982?
286. How is the Chinese Constitution described in terms of its written nature?
287. What is the composition of the Chinese Constitution?
288. How is the Chinese Constitution described in terms of its flexibility?
289. How can the Chinese Constitution be amended?
290. How is the Chinese Constitution described in terms of its socialist nature?
291. What is declared as the fundamental system of China in its Constitution?
292. What is declared as the defining feature of socialism with Chinese Characteristics?
293. What is prohibited regarding the socialist system in China?
294. How is China described in terms of its state structure?
295. What does the Preamble of the Chinese Constitution declare about China?
296. How are powers vested in the Chinese unitary state?
297. What is the relationship between the central and provincial governments in China?
298. What form of government does the Chinese constitution provide for?
299. What is the State Council of China?
300. Who heads the State Council, and to whom is it responsible?
301. How is the Premier chosen in China?
302. How are other members of the State Council chosen?
303. Who appoints or removes the Premier and other members of the State Council?
304. How does the Premier direct the work of the State Council?
305. How does the authority of the Chinese Premier compare to the Indian or British Prime Minister?
306. Who is the head of the state in China?
307. What is the term of office for the President of China?
308. What are the eligibility criteria for election as the President of China?
309. How is the President of China described in terms of executive power?
310. What is the composition of the Chinese legislature?
311. What is the highest state organ of power and legislative body in China?
313. What is the approximate number of deputies in the NPC, and what is its term?
314. What is the permanent organ of the NPC?
315. What does the Chinese constitution recognize regarding the party system?
316. What does the Preamble of the Chinese Constitution state about the leadership role of the CPC?
317. What does Article 1 of the Chinese Constitution declare about the CPC’s leadership?
318. What does the Chinese Constitution provide for regarding Fundamental Rights?
319. What is the condition for the enjoyment of rights by citizens in China?
320. What are some of the rights provided in the Chinese Constitution?
321. What does the Chinese Constitution provide for in addition to fundamental rights?
322. What does the Chinese Constitution state about the fulfillment of duties?
323. What are some of the fundamental duties contained in the Chinese Constitution?
324. How many constitutions has Switzerland adopted till now?
325. When did the first constitution of Switzerland establish the federal state?
326. When was the third constitution of Switzerland adopted and when did it come into force?
327. What are the salient features of the present Constitution of Switzerland?
328. How is the Swiss Constitution described in terms of its written nature?
329. What is the composition of the Swiss Constitution?
330. How is the Swiss Constitution described in terms of its flexibility?
331. What are the two types of revision (amendment) provided for in the Swiss Constitution?
332. How can a total revision of the Swiss Constitution be proposed?
333. What happens if the people vote for a total revision of the Swiss Constitution?
334. How can a partial revision of the Swiss Constitution be requested?
335. What principles must a partial revision of the Swiss Constitution respect?
336. When does the totally or partially revised Swiss Constitution come into force?
337. What kind of state does the Swiss constitution provide for?
338. How are powers divided between the federal government and the cantons in Switzerland?
339. What is the composition of each canton in Switzerland?
340. What are the two types of cantons in Switzerland?
341. How many full cantons and half cantons are there in Switzerland?
342. What are the two differences between full cantons and half cantons?
343. What kind of government does the Swiss constitution provide for?
344. What are the features of the Swiss Council Model of Government?
345. What is the composition of the Swiss Federal Legislature?
346. What is the composition of the Council of States?
347. How are representatives from full cantons and half cantons elected to the Council of States?
348. How is representation provided to cantons in the Council of States?
349. What is the composition and term of the National Council?
350. How do the two chambers in Switzerland compare in terms of standing and powers?
351. What did C.F. Strong observe about the Swiss legislature?
352. What does the Swiss constitution provide for regarding direct democracy?
353. What are the two direct democratic devices specified in the Swiss Constitution?
354. What are the three categories of matters that must be put to the mandatory referendum?
356. What are the four categories of matters that are submitted to an optional referendum?
357. What is the scope of the initiative device at the federal level in Switzerland?
358. What is the minimum number of voters required to propose a total revision of the constitution?
360. What are the forms a popular initiative for partial revision can take?
361. What is Triple Citizenship under the Swiss constitution?
362. What does the Swiss constitution declare about being a Swiss citizen?
363. What is the implication of Triple Citizenship for becoming a Swiss citizen?
364. Which level of citizenship is regarded as more valuable in Switzerland?
365. What does the Swiss constitution provide for regarding Fundamental Rights?
366. What are some of the fundamental rights mentioned in the Swiss Constitution?
367. What are the Social Goals of the Government in the Swiss constitution?
368. Can a direct right to state benefits be established based on these social goals?
369. What are some of the social goals of the Swiss government?