Chapter 7 Citizenship

1. What are the two kinds of people in India, like any other modern state?

2. What rights do citizens enjoy in India?

3. What are the two categories of aliens?

4. What is the difference in rights between friendly aliens and enemy aliens?

5. What rights and privileges does the Constitution confer on citizens of India but deny to aliens?

6. What duties do citizens owe to the Indian State?

7. Who is eligible for the office of President in India compared to the USA?

8. What kind of citizenship does the Indian Constitution provide for despite its federal nature?

9. How does the Indian citizenship system compare to federal states like USA and Australia?

10. What problem does the single citizenship system in India avoid compared to dual citizenship?

11. What is the general rule regarding discrimination among Indian citizens?

12. What are the exceptions to the general rule of absence of discrimination among Indian citizens?

13. What Act did Parliament enact in accordance with Article 16 to prescribe residential qualification for certain employments?

14. For which states did the Public Employment (Requirement as to Residence) Act, 1957, authorize residential qualification for non-Gazetted posts?

15. When did the Public Employment (Requirement as to Residence) Act, 1957, expire?

16. What does the Constitution (under Article 15) prohibit discrimination on, and what does it not prohibit discrimination on?

17. Why is the right of outsiders to enter, reside and settle in tribal areas restricted?

18. What was the basis for the provision allowing the legislature of Jammu and Kashmir to define permanent residents and confer special rights?

19. When was Article 35-A inserted into the Constitution?

20. When was the special status of Jammu and Kashmir abolished, and by which order?

21. What is the purpose of the system of single citizenship and uniform rights in India?

22. What articles and Part of the Constitution deal with citizenship?

23. What does the Constitution identify regarding citizenship?

24. What power does the Constitution give to Parliament regarding citizenship?

25. What Act did Parliament enact regarding citizenship?

26. What was the Citizenship Act (1955)‘s original provision regarding Commonwealth Citizenship?

27. When was the provision for Commonwealth Citizenship repealed, and by which Act?

28. What are the five ways of acquiring citizenship prescribed by the Citizenship Act of 1955?

29. Who is considered a citizen of India by birth if born on or after January 26, 1950, but before July 1, 1987?

30. Who is considered a citizen of India by birth if born on or after July 1, 1987, but before December 3, 2004?

31. Who is considered a citizen of India by birth if born on or after December 3, 2004?

32. Who cannot acquire Indian citizenship by birth?

33. Who is considered a citizen of India by descent if born outside India on or after January 26, 1950, but before December 10, 1992?

34. Who is considered a citizen of India by descent if born outside India on or after December 10, 1992?

35. What is required for a person born outside India on or after December 3, 2004, to become a citizen of India by descent?

36. What undertaking must accompany an application for registration of the birth of a minor child to an Indian consulate?

37. When does a minor who is a citizen of India by descent and also a citizen of any other country cease to be a citizen of India?

38. What are the categories of persons (not illegal migrants) that the Central Government may register as a citizen of India?

39. What is the definition of ‘Indian origin’ for registration purposes?

40. What must all registered persons take before being registered as citizens of India?

41. What are the qualifications for the Central Government to grant a certificate of naturalisation to any person (not being an illegal migrant)?

42. How has the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, changed the aggregate period of residence for naturalisation for certain communities?

43. When can the Government of India waive any of the naturalisation conditions?

44. What must every naturalised citizen take?

45. How does a person acquire citizenship by Incorporation of Territory?

46. What Order did the Government of India issue when Pondicherry became a part of India?

47. What special provisions were added by the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 1985, regarding citizenship of persons covered by the Assam Accord?

48. What is the status of a registered person (from Assam Accord) during the intervening period of ten years from detection as a foreigner?

49. What special provisions were added by the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, regarding migrants from Afghanistan, Bangladesh or Pakistan?

50. What is the effect of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, on legal proceedings against such migrants?

51. What tribal areas are these special provisions not applicable to?

52. What was the status of migrants from Afghanistan, Bangladesh or Pakistan (Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi or Christian) before the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019?

53. When did the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, come into force?

54. What are the three ways of losing citizenship prescribed by the Citizenship Act (1955)?

55. What happens when a citizen of India makes a declaration of renunciation of Indian citizenship?

56. What happens to the citizenship of a minor child when a person renounces their Indian citizenship?

57. When can a minor child (whose parent renounced Indian citizenship) resume Indian citizenship?

58. When does an Indian citizen’s citizenship automatically terminate?

59. When does the termination provision not apply?

60. What is deprivation in the context of losing Indian citizenship?

61. Under what conditions can the Central government compulsorily terminate Indian citizenship by deprivation?

62. What is provided to a person before the cancellation of their OCI registration?

63. When was a High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora set up, and under whose chairmanship?

64. What was the mandate of the L.M. Singhvi Committee?

65. What did the L.M. Singhvi Committee recommend in its January 2002 report?

66. What provision did the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2003, make regarding Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI)?

67. What did the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2003, omit from the Principal Act?

68. How did the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2005, expand the scope of OCI?

69. Is OCI actually a dual citizenship?

70. What new scheme did the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2015, introduce?

71. When was the PIO card scheme introduced?

72. When was the OCI card scheme introduced?

73. When was the PIO scheme rescinded?

74. What happened to existing PIO cardholders after January 9, 2015?

75. What nomenclature did the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2015, replace?

76. Who is an NRI (Non-Resident Indian)?

77. Who is a PIO (Person of Indian Origin)?

78. Who is an OCI (Overseas Citizen of India) Cardholder?

79. What categories of foreign nationals are eligible for registration as OCI Cardholder?

80. Which nationals are ineligible for OCI Cardholder registration?

81. What benefits is an NRI entitled to?

82. What benefits is a PIO entitled to?

83. What benefits is an OCI Cardholder entitled to?

84. What activities require a special permission or permit for an OCI Cardholder?

85. Does an NRI require a visa for visiting India?

86. Does a PIO require a visa for visiting India?

87. Does an OCI Cardholder require a visa for visiting India?

88. Is an NRI required to register with local police authorities in India?

89. Is a PIO required to register with local police authorities in India?

90. Is an OCI Cardholder required to register with local police authorities in India?

91. What activities can an NRI undertake in India?

92. What activities can a PIO undertake in India?

93. What activities can an OCI Cardholder undertake in India?

94. How can an NRI acquire Indian citizenship?

95. How can a PIO acquire Indian citizenship?

96. How can an OCI Cardholder acquire Indian citizenship?

97. What does Article 5 deal with?

98. What does Article 6 deal with?

99. What does Article 7 deal with?

100. What does Article 8 deal with?

101. What does Article 9 deal with?

102. What does Article 10 deal with?

103. What does Article 11 deal with?

104. What does Article 371-D provide for?

105. What does Article 371D deal with?

106. What was the permit system for migration introduced on July 19, 1948?

107. What is the form of the oath for citizens of India?

108. What does the 8th Schedule of the Constitution recognise?

109. What is the exception to the requirement for an NRI to register with local police authorities?

110. What is the source of information for the Annual Report 2015-16, Ministry of Home Affairs?