Chapter 40 Municipalities

432. What does the term ‘Urban Local Government’ signify in India?

433. What is the jurisdiction of an urban local government?

434. What are the eight types of urban local governments in India?

435. How was the system of urban government constitutionalized?

436. Which three ministries at the Central level deal with the subject of ‘urban local government’?

437. When and where was the first municipal corporation in India set up?

438. When were municipal corporations set up in Bombay and Calcutta?

439. What did Lord Mayo’s Resolution of 1870 visualize?

440. What is Lord Ripon’s Resolution of 1882 known as, and what is he called?

441. When was the Royal Commission on decentralisation appointed, and who was its chairman?

442. What was the status of local self-government under the dyarchical scheme introduced by the Government of India Act of 1919?

443. When was the Cantonments Act passed by the Central legislature?

444. What was the status of local self-government under the provincial autonomy scheme introduced by the Government of India Act of 1935?

445. What was the 65th Constitutional Amendment Bill (Nagarpalika Bill) introduced by the Rajiv Gandhi government in August 1989 aimed at?

446. What was the fate of the Nagarpalika Bill introduced by the Rajiv Gandhi Government?

447. When did the V.P. Singh Government introduce the revised Nagarpalika Bill, and what was its fate?

448. When did the Narasimha Rao Government introduce the modified Municipalities Bill, and what was its outcome?

449. What new Part and Schedule were added to the Constitution by the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992?

450. What Articles does Part IX-A of the Constitution consist of?

451. How many functional items does the Twelfth Schedule contain, and which Article does it deal with?

452. What is the implication of the 74th Amendment Act giving constitutional status to municipalities?

453. What is the aim of the 74th Amendment Act?

454. What are the three types of municipalities provided for by the 74th Amendment Act?

455. What is the exception to the constitution of municipalities?

456. What factors does the governor consider when specifying a transitional, smaller urban, or larger urban area?

457. How are the members of a municipality elected?

458. How are territorial constituencies for municipalities known?

459. Who determines the manner of election of the chairperson of a municipality?

460. What persons can be represented in a municipality, in addition to directly elected members?

461. When is a wards committee constituted in a municipality?

462. Who makes provisions for the composition and territorial area of a wards committee and the manner of filling seats?

463. Can the state legislature provide for the constitution of other committees in addition to wards committees?

464. Can the chairpersons of other committees be made members of the municipality?

465. What does the 74th Amendment Act provide for regarding reservation of seats for SCs and STs in municipalities?

466. What does the 74th Amendment Act provide for regarding reservation of seats for women in municipalities?

467. Who may provide for the manner of reservation of offices of chairpersons in municipalities for SCs, STs, and women?

468. Can the state legislature make provisions for reservation of seats or offices of chairpersons for backward classes in municipalities?

469. When will the reservation of seats and offices of chairpersons for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in municipalities cease to have effect?

470. What is the term of office for every municipality?

471. What happens if a municipality is dissolved before the completion of its term?

472. What is the rule if the remainder of the period for a dissolved municipality is less than six months?

473. What is the term of a municipality reconstituted after premature dissolution?

474. What two additional provisions does the act make with respect to dissolution of a municipality?

475. What are the grounds for disqualification from being chosen as or being a member of a municipality?

476. Is a person disqualified from being a member of a municipality if they are less than 25 years of age but have attained 21 years?

477. Who determines questions of disqualification for municipality members?

478. Who is responsible for the superintendence, direction, and control of electoral rolls and elections to municipalities?

479. What powers and authority can the state legislature endow upon municipalities?

480. What types of provisions can a scheme for devolution of powers to municipalities contain?

481. What financial powers can the state legislature authorize a municipality to exercise?

482. What financial provisions can the state legislature make for municipalities?

483. What is the role of the Finance Commission (constituted for panchayats) regarding municipalities?

484. What recommendations does the Finance Commission make to the governor regarding municipalities?

485. What is the governor’s role after receiving recommendations from the Finance Commission regarding municipalities?

486. What is the role of the central finance commission regarding municipalities?

487. What provisions can the state legislature make regarding accounts of municipalities?

488. Are the provisions of Part IX-A of the Constitution applicable to Union Territories?

489. How can the President apply the provisions of Part IX-A to Union Territories?

490. Which Articles of the 74th Amendment Act were directed not to apply to the National Capital Territory of Delhi by the President in 2001?

491. Which areas are exempted from the application of the 74th Amendment Act?

492. Does the 74th Amendment Act affect the functions and powers of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council?

493. Can the Parliament extend the provisions of Part IX-A to scheduled and tribal areas?

494. What is to be constituted at the district level to consolidate plans from panchayats and municipalities?

495. What is the purpose of the district planning committee?

496. What provisions can the state legislature make with respect to the District Planning Committee?

497. What is the proportion of elected members from district panchayats and municipalities in a district planning committee?

498. How is the representation of these members in the district planning committee determined?

499. What should a district planning committee consider when preparing the draft development plan?

500. What is to be constituted for every metropolitan area to prepare a draft development plan?

501. What provisions can the state legislature make with respect to the Metropolitan Planning Committee?

502. What is the proportion of elected members from municipalities and panchayats in a metropolitan planning committee?

503. How is the representation of these members in the metropolitan planning committee determined?

504. What should a metropolitan planning committee consider when preparing the draft development plan?

505. What is the status of existing state laws relating to municipalities after the 74th Amendment Act?

506. What happened to municipalities existing immediately before the commencement of the 74th Amendment Act?

507. What does the 74th Amendment Act state regarding interference by courts in electoral matters of municipalities?

508. How can the validity of a law relating to delimitation of constituencies or allotment of seats in municipalities be questioned?

509. How can an election to any municipality be questioned?

510. What are the 18 functional items listed in the Twelfth Schedule that fall under the purview of municipalities?

511. What are the eight types of urban local bodies created in India for the administration of urban areas?

512. For what purpose are Municipal corporations created, and in which cities?

513. How are Municipal corporations established in states and union territories?

514. What are the three authorities of a municipal corporation?

515. What is the role of the Council in a municipal corporation?

516. Who heads the Council of a municipal corporation, and what is their primary function?

517. What is the purpose of standing committees in a municipal corporation?

518. Who is responsible for the implementation of decisions in a municipal corporation, and what is their typical designation?

519. For what purpose are municipalities established, and what are their other names?

520. What are the three authorities of a municipality?

521. Who heads the Council of a municipality, and what is their role?

chief municipal officer in a municipality?

523. For what two types of areas is a notified area committee created?

524. How is a notified area committee established?

525. What is the composition of a notified area committee?

526. What is the nature of a notified area committee in terms of being elected or statutory?

527. For what purpose is a town area committee set up?

528. What type of authority is a town area committee, and what functions is it entrusted with?

529. How is a town area committee created?

530. What determines the composition, functions, and other matters of a town area committee?

531. How can the members of a town area committee be constituted?

532. For what purpose is a cantonment board established?

533. Under what provisions is a cantonment board set up?

534. Under whose administrative control does a cantonment board work?

535. How does a cantonment board differ from other urban local bodies in terms of establishment and administration?

536. What was the purpose of enacting the Cantonments Act of 2006?

537. Which previous Act did the Cantonments Act of 2006 repeal?

538. How many cantonment boards are there currently in the country?

539. How are cantonment boards grouped?

540. What are the civil population categories for Cantonment Boards?

541. What is the composition of a cantonment board?

542. What is the term of office for elected and nominated members of a cantonment board?

543. Who is the ex-officio president of the cantonment board, and who presides over its meetings?

544. How is the vice-president of the cantonment board elected?

545. What are the members of a Category I cantonment board?

546. What are the functions performed by a cantonment board?

547. What are the sources of income for a cantonment board?

548. Who appoints the executive officer of the cantonment board, and what is their role?

549. What is the nature of the township form of urban government?

550. What is the purpose of port trusts in port areas?

551. How is a port trust created?

552. What is the composition of a port trust?

553. Who is the chairman of a port trust?

554. What are special purpose agencies also known as?

555. What are some examples of special purpose agencies?

556. How are these functional local bodies established?

557. How do these functional local bodies operate in relation to local urban governments?

558. What are the three types of municipal personnel systems in India?

559. What is the characteristic of the Separate Personnel System in municipal administration?

560. What is the characteristic of the Unified Personnel System in municipal administration?

561. In which states is the Unified Personnel System prevalent?

562. What is the characteristic of the Integrated Personnel System in municipal administration?

563. In which states is the Integrated Personnel System prevalent?

564. What are the various national-level institutions providing training to municipal personnel?

565. What are the five sources of income for urban local bodies?

566. What are some examples of local taxes included in Tax Revenue for urban local bodies?

567. What is the most important tax revenue for urban local bodies?

568. What sources are included in Non-Tax Revenue for urban local bodies?

569. What do user charges (part of Non-Tax Revenue) include?

570. What do Grants for municipal bodies include?

571. What does Devolution of funds to urban local bodies consist of?

572. How do urban local bodies raise loans?

573. When was the Central Council of Local Government set up, and under which Article?

574. What was the original name of the Central Council of Local Government?

575. When was the term ‘self-government’ replaced by ‘government’ in the Council’s name?

576. What was the scope of the Council’s dealings before and after 1958?

577. What is the nature of the Central Council of Local Government?

578. What is the composition of the Central Council of Local Government?

579. Who acts as the Chairman of the Central Council of Local Government?

580. What are the functions of the Central Council of Local Government?

581. Which Article of the Constitution deals with Definitions related to Municipalities?

582. Which Article of the Constitution deals with the Constitution of municipalities?

583. Which Article of the Constitution deals with the Composition of municipalities?

584. Which Article of the Constitution deals with the Constitution and composition of wards committees?

585. Which Article of the Constitution deals with Reservation of seats in municipalities?

586. Which Article of the Constitution deals with the Duration of municipalities?

587. Which Article of the Constitution deals with Disqualifications for membership in municipalities?

588. Which Article of the Constitution deals with the Powers, authority and responsibilities of municipalities?

589. Which Article of the Constitution deals with the Powers to impose taxes by, and funds of, the municipalities?

590. Which Article of the Constitution deals with the Finance commission for municipalities?

591. Which Article of the Constitution deals with the Audit of accounts of municipalities?

592. Which Article of the Constitution deals with Elections to the municipalities?

593. Which Article of the Constitution deals with the Application to union territories for municipalities?

594. Which Article of the Constitution deals with Part not to apply to certain areas for municipalities?

595. Which Article of the Constitution deals with the Committee for district planning?

596. Which Article of the Constitution deals with the Committee for metropolitan planning?

597. Which Article of the Constitution deals with the Continuance of existing laws and municipalities?

598. Which Article of the Constitution deals with Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters for municipalities?