President: Can promulgate when both Houses of Parliament are not in session or either House is not; ordinance-making power is coextensive with Parliament’s legislative power; ordinance has same force as Act of Parliament; subject to same limitations as Act of Parliament; can withdraw anytime; not a discretionary power. Governor: Can promulgate when legislative assembly is not in session or either House of bicameral legislature is not; ordinance-making power is coextensive with state legislature’s legislative power; ordinance has same force as Act of state legislature; subject to same limitations as Act of state legislature; can withdraw anytime; not a discretionary power; cannot make an ordinance without President’s instructions in three cases.