- The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) is the apex body.
- It regulates GM crops under the Ministry of Environment and Forest.
- It operates under the Environment Protection Act 1986.
- The Indian Patents Act 1970 (Section 3(j)) excludes patenting of seeds, plants, and their varieties.
- The Protection of Plant Variety and Farmers Rights (PPVFR) Act 2001 also governs plant varieties.
- The Supreme Court restored the BT Cotton patent in India, sending it back to High Court for final decision.
- GEAC nod is a step, but not final approval for commercial release.