- Inadequate Utilization: Port land not adequately utilized for industries.
- Connectivity Bottlenecks: Inadequate road and rail connectivity linkages to ports.
- Leads to underutilization of new ports.
- High Logistics Costs: Reduces competitiveness of Indian exports.
- Inefficient Management: Major ports controlled and operated through trusts, not efficiently managed.
- Old Infrastructure: Need for modernization of existing port facilities.
- PPP Challenges: Issues in PPP framework (revenue sharing, risk allocation).