Manifestations include:
- Formation of political parties on the basis of caste (e.g., Justice Party, Republican Party, Bahujan Samaj Party).
- Emergence of pressure groups based on caste (e.g., Nadar Association, Harijan Sevak Sangh, Kshatriya Mahasabha).
- Allotment of party tickets during elections and formation of council of ministers on caste lines.
- Caste conflicts between higher/lower castes or dominant castes.
- Violent disputes and agitations over reservation policy.