13. What are the four manifestations of Communalism

The manifestations are:

1. Formation of political parties based on religion (e.g., Akali Dal, Muslim League).
2. Emergence of pressure groups based on religion (e.g., Vishwa Hindu Parishad, Jamaat-e-Islami).
3. Communal riots (e.g., Varanasi, Mathura, Hyderabad, Aligarh, Amritsar).
4. Dispute over religious structures (e.g., Ram Janma Bhoomi in Ayodhya).