- Economic and trade liberalization began in the 1980s.
- People with financial and educational resources grabbed opportunities.
- They multiplied their wealth and income faster than the poor.
- Poor people lacked these resources.
- Simon Kuznets’ hypothesis: inequality increases in early economic growth.
- Unequal distribution of human capital (education and health).
- Government spending on subsidies rather than health and education.
- Poor governance and corruption.
- Crony capitalism and election funding.