- Treated as second-class citizens.
- Lack of proper accommodation and low standard of living.
- Low wages.
- Inaccessibility to state-given services due to lack of identity proof.
- Unable to speak the local language (lingua franca).
- Rarely represented by unions or social movements.
- Easily harassed by employers, government institutions, and other workers.
- Vulnerability makes them easily controlled, cheap, and dispensable.
- Receive no formal government support (unlike farmers or rural laborers).